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Abstract The purpose of this paper is investigating the impact of servant leadership on followership effectiveness. Model variables are selected through experimental and theoretical study. The data are obtained by survey method, based on surveying the managers and employees of 22 selected governmental organizations, then the hypotheses are investigated. This research is distinguished from other similar researches in that, instead of individual correlation analysis and ignoring other circumstances, using advanced methods, the variables have been simultaneously and two-way analyzed. In order to do this, Eviews 7.1 and spss19 are used for estimating parameters by the use of OLS method; Since there is a possibility for existence of two-way relation between the variables, three stages simultaneous equations (3SLS) is used to estimate simultaneous impacts of servant leadership on organizational effectiveness. The quantitative results of quantitative estimation of the models by the Structural Equation Modeling showed that servant leadership has positive impact on followership effectiveness.    

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The characteristics of epistemic collections are divided into two categories: accuracy (hard) and perfection (soft). The soft criterion focuses on the desired perfection; for example fluency and eloquence. This research considers the seven features of simplicity and clarity, proportionality and balance, correspondence, reciprocating, transition, symmetry and self-generation to be the most important components of soft criterion. This criterion is founded on a philosophical explanation based on transcendent wisdom. To achieve a further explanation of the components of this criterion, this indicator is included in some tables of logic, for example the table of co-true propositions. First, it is evaluated with the components of the soft criteria and while identifying some weaknesses and through philosophic analysis, in order to solve these cases, proposals are presented, implemented and improvements made to address them. The result was meaningfully positive and the suggestions increased the performance and beauty of the main tables. All the steps are descriptive-logical and the result is that with these revisions, the efficiency and usefulness of this table have increased.
 

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The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839), is the most critical pest of pomegranate in Iran. The sex pheromone components emitted by the virgin females were characterized by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this research, the level of individual variation in the female sex pheromone composition of the pest was studied. By extracting pheromone glands of females from different locations, the primary component, (Z, E)-9, 11, 13-tetradecatrienal, and minor components, (Z, E)-9, 11-tetradecadienal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal, were identified. The following ratios were 10: 2.5: 2.1 (trienal: dienal: monoenal) in Kuhdasht, 10: 1.3: 0.7 in Tarom, 10: 1.3: 0.5 in Bajestan, 10: 1.2: 1 in Sorkheh, 10: 1.1: 0.9 in Ferdows, 10: 0.9: 1 in Neyriz, 10: 0.9: 0.9 in Khash and Meybod, 10: 0.9: 1.4 in Saveh, 10: 0.5: 1 in Behshahr, and 10: 0.45: 0.43 in Shahrreza. There was also a significant variation among the populations in response to wind tunnels and field tests. The discrepancies in these ratios show a possibility of a conspecific relationship among carob moth species in Iran. Findings led to a conclusion of the monomorphic variation in sexual communication of the species.
 

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There is little information about the lice infesting birds and mammals in Guilan Province of northern Iran besides their importance in medicine and veterinary medicine. A good series of lice were collected from a road-killed great egret, Ardea alba (Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae), in Rasht City of Guilan Province in the summer of 2023. The collected lice were preserved in 80% ethanol and cleared in 10% KOH. The microscope slides of specimens were prepared using Berlese’s fluid. The chewing lice were morphologically identified as Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval & Lacordaire, 1835) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the great egret, as a new host record for Iran. A taxonomic note was presented for the species. Also, a checklist of the Phthiraptera of Guilan Province as well as their hosts and distribution were presented including three suborders, four families, ten genera and 12 species. This checklist is considered preliminary for further investigation.

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Probiotic products highly affect the health of consumers by reducing the risk of heart attacks and improving the desirable microflora in the intestinal tract. In this study the effect of yogurt (500g/d for 3 wk) enriched with either Bifidobacterium bifidum or Lactobacillus acidophilus on the level of cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) of serum and as well on the intestinal microflora were investigated in 24 healthy volunteers. Statistical analysis indicated that lower levels of cholesterol and HDL were found after consumption of either one of bio-yogurts as compared to the control states (P<0.05), whereas changes of LDL were not significant. Also, in comparison with control periods the results of microbial counts indicated that the number of fecal coliforms excreted during the consumption of either one of the yogurt types were not noticeable, while the number of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus increased significantly (P<0.05).

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Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most important vegetable pests in greenhouses. Due to the high reproduction rate and rapid development, T. urticae has a propensity for developing resistance to many classes of pesticides. One method for delaying the occurrence of pest resistance is the application of pesticides with different modes of action. The present research was performed to compare the efficacy of some acaricides against this notorious worldwide pest. The treatments were bifenazite (Kanecide 24% SC at 200 and 300 ppm), spirodiclofen + abamectin (Envidorspeed^® 24% SC, 500 ppm), spiromesifen (Oberon^® 24% SC, 500 ppm), bromopropylate (Neoron^® 25% EC, 1500 ppm), and control (water spraying) based on randomized complete block design with three replications during the summer of 2018 in three provinces of Iran. To determine the spraying time, 30 leaves were collected randomly from each treatment, and if there were an average of 5 active mites under leaves, spraying was done. After spraying, sampling was performed in 3, 7, 14, and 21-day intervals by collecting 30 leaves from each experimental unit. In the laboratory, different developmental stages were recorded using a stereomicroscope. Results showed that the highest efficiency was on the 7 and 14 days after spraying with Envidorspeed^® 500 ppm in all provinces. However, this difference wasn't significant in Tehran. In Kerman, Kanecide^® 200 ppm, with an efficiency of 94.3% after 21 days, and Envidorspeed^® 500 ppm, with an efficiency of 96.19% after 14 days, were the most effective chemicals. Results of these three provinces demonstrated that the efficiency of all five treatments after 14 days was more than 72%. The main purpose of this experiment is to compare the efficiency of these acaricides. All of them provided significant control in the greenhouse, and it could be recommended for population management of T. urticae. However, Envirospeed® in Tehran and Qazvin, as well as Envidorspeed® and Kanecide® in Kerman, are more suggestible based on mortality.



 

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  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of frying temperature and replacement of soybean protein isolate (SPI) with wheat flour on chemical characteristics doughnuts. For this purpose samples doughnuts formulated replacement 3 and 7 percent SPI with wheat flour null and then fried at temperatures 150, 165 and 180 °C. Parameters moisture content, fat content, acid value, peroxide value and sensory properties were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed using a completely randomized factorial design. Means were compared using Duncan's test (p≤0.05) with each other. The results shown that, with increasing temperature and percentage replacement of wheat flour with SPI led to increasing moisture content and the oil content decreased in samples were doughnuts. Temperature increases from 150 ° C to 180 ° C in the process frying doughnuts Samples prepared with wheat flour, 3% and 7% SPI led to Increasing acid value oil absorbed in their 0.66, 0.64, 0.51 unit, respectively. Results of variance analysis showed significant effect type flour on the amount of hydroperoxides on oil is absorbed on case of donuts (p≤0.05). The results of the comparison means showed not follow the effect of the specific. The raters doughnuts Samples no significant difference in terms of our sensory evaluation (p≤0.05).

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As the coefficient of performance and the cooling power of adsorption chillers are low, the irreversibility calculation can identify the sources which limit the increase of performance parameters and effectively be used in association with current performance improvement techniques. Adopting the numerical modeling and calculating the temporal distribution of temperature in adsorber elements, this study measures the exergy destruction in different parts and processes of the adsorbent bed. The results show the maximum exergy destruction rate in isosteric phases, yet the total exergy destruction is low due to the short phase times. The highest total exergy loss is observed in isobaric heating phase due to the high irreversibility of desorption process and also long phase duration. Furthermore the effects of fin height and fin spacing on the exergy destruction of adsorbent bed are investigated. The results show that increasing fin height and fin spacing increase the total exergy destruction; however the dependency of fin spacing on exergy destruction is relatively low.

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Lipid core plaques are the major cause of the vascular stenosis and heart attacks. Accumulation of Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs) across the atherosclerotic lesions, leads to the hardening of the arterial wall and causes cross sectional narrowing of the artery. Among different arterial wall models, Multilayer model gives accurate LDL concentration across the layers. In this study LDL accumulation in the four-layer carotid artery is investigated numerically. Navier-Stokes equations along with Darcy’s model for the porous regions and the convection-diffusion mass transport equation are employed. Blood considered as a Newtonian fluid and the artery’s wall is assumed to be a porous rigid medium. Due to the negligible pulsatile effect of the flow on the LDL concentration, equations are solved in the steady state condition. In this paper LDL concentration across the layers is considered under normal blood pressure to examine effects of the LDL’s size and the hypertension on the LDL accumulation. Furthermore, a comparison between normal endothelium and the leaky junction is performed. Results indicate that the normal endothelium plays a crucial role in prevention LDL accumulation in the arterial wall.

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During the past few decades, growing global concern about environmental problems, caused by widespread use of fossil fuels, attracts more research attention toward adsorption systems technology. However, one of the main problems of these systems is the poor heat transfer rate in adsorbent bed due to its low thermal conductivity. In the present study, extended surfaces and metal piece additives are applied to the adsorbent bed in order to numerically investigate the effect of heat transfer enhancement on the adsorption system performance. Employing metal pieces increases effective thermal conductivity of the bed by at least 100%. Results indicate that decreasing fin space and fin height and adding metal pieces to the adsorbent bed reduce the cycle time which finally improves the system specific cooling power. However, it is worth mentioning that the effect of metal piece additives on the cycle time reduction and specific cooling power improvement decreases at smaller fin spaces. Moreover, results show that the increase of fin height improves the coefficient of performance while decreases the specific cooling power of the system. On the contrary, the reduction of fin space simultaneously increases the coefficient of performance and the specific cooling power of the adsorption system.

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Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm is a result of the relatively complex hemodynamic forces that are exerted along the arterial walls. In the present study, numerical simulations of blood flow in a patient-specific model are performed employing the fluid-structure interaction method. The aneurysm model is reconstructed from CT angiographic scans from a patient diagnosed with abdominal aortic aneurysm, which also contains an intraluminal thrombus. Both isotropic and anisotropic material models are considered for arterial wall. In particular, the effects of arterial wall heterogeneity with respect to its material model are examined. Results indicate that unlike the computational solid stress method, which exerts the peak systolic pressure to the inner surface of the arterial wall, FSI method predicts the time of peak wall stress between the times of peak systolic velocity and pressure. Results also indicate that the isotropic material model with uniform wall thickness as compare to the anisotropic material model with variable wall thickness significantly underestimate wall stresses. The peak wall stress in all models are located somewhere on the posterior wall near the maximum diameter of AAA and the extent of the region of higher wall stresses are larger in models with variable wall thickness as compared to the uniform wall thickness. This fact along with the higher values of wall stress for variable wall thickness models, increase the rupture risk of the variable wall thickness model as compared to the models with uniform wall thickness.

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Identify and cultivate new oil seeds is an important step in the supply of required oil in our country. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the composition of physicochemical properties, fatty acids structure and the oxidative stability of Dill (DS) and Coriander (CS) seed oils. To produce oil, the seeds were mixed with n-hexane solvent in the ratio of 1:4 w/v. The physicochemical properties of DS and CS oils includeding  acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, refractive index, wax compound content, viscosity, specific gravity, oxidative stability and fatty acids structure were examined. According to the results, the acid value (11.56 mg/g), iodine value (104 g/100g of oil), wax compound content (34.25%) and specific gravity (0.92 kg/m³) of DS oil was higher than CS oil. Also peroxide value (3.07 meq/kg), viscosity (20.94 cp), refractive index (1.55) and oxidative stability (16.3 h) of CS oil was higher than DS oil. DS oil contained 8.51% of saturated fatty acids that mainly composed of palmitic acid and stearic acid which is lower than CS oil (8.83%). DS oil contained 91.35% unsaturated fatty acids. The ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to mono–unsaturated fatty acids of DS and CS oils were 0.23 for both oils. Also the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids of DS and CS oils were 2.07 and 1.94, respectively.

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Acrylamide is a chemical compound that is produced in starchy foods such as biscuits at temperature higher than 120°C and there is concern about its carcinogenic properties. Since biscuit is one of the most consumed floury products, the objective of this research is assay the effect of invert sugar replacement in four levels (0, 25, 75 and 100) on acrylamide content, reducing sugar, pH, acidity content and moisture. Data were analyzed in a factorial design using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple–range test at P<0.05. The use of invert sugar syrup instead of sucrose solution in Petit Beurre and Madar biscuits increased the content of moisture, acidity and reducing sugar but decreased pH. The replacement of sucrose solution by 100 % invert sugar increased the content of acrylamide in Petit Beurre and Madar biscuit samples 99.4 and 103.9 ppb, respectively. The difference of acrylamide contents of biscuits in similar percentage replacement of invert sugar was considerable.

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Numerical modeling of electro-osmotic flow in heterogeneous micro-channels using two different models is presented in this article. For the through modeling of such flows, the coupled equations of Navier-Stokes, Nernst-Planck and the Poisson-Boltzmann are solved for the flow field, electric charges transport and electric field, respectively. Numerical solution of these equations for the heterogeneous micro-channels is complicated and difficult. Therefore, simple and approximate models such as Helmholtz-Smoluchowski have been proposed in which the solution of Poisson-Boltzmann, Nernst-Planck are neglected and the effect of the electric field on the flow field is applied through a prescribed slip boundary condition at the walls of micro-channel. The electro-osmotic flow fields within the heterogeneous micro-channels are usually complex and contain the vortex region that is ideal for mixing purpose. Hence, in this paper, the micro-channels designed so that they are capable to serve as micro-mixers in the mixing applications. For the micro-channels proposed here, the flow fields are obtained both with approximate modeling and the full simulation of electro-osmotic flows so that a comparison can be made to discuss the accuracy of the approximate model. The results of this study can be used to model the electro-osmotic flow field within heterogeneous micro-channels.

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In this paper, a numerical study has been performed to investigate the effect of geometrical parameters of a viscous micro-pump on the flow rate and entropy generation. The present research has been carried out for three geometrical parameters of micro-pump including eccentricity (), sizes (S) of rotors and also their distance from each other (L) in the range of 0.1 to 0.9, 1.5 to 3.5 and 0.85 to 4.5, respectively. The results show that with increasing , the micro-pump flow rate also increases. On size variation effects, it is observed that decreasing the downstream rotor diameter, while keeping constant the upstream rotor diameter, the flow rate decreases exponentially. By increasing L, a steep increase in flow rate is initially observed, which becomes almost constant, when rotors are sufficiently far apart. With regard to entropy analysis, the effect of above geometrical parameters has been investigated on the entropy generation. The parameter RS indicating the ratio of the gradient of the entropy production rate to the related flow rate is introduced as a tool for entropy analysis. Also in this paper, for obtaining the maximum flow rate at the minimum frictional dissipation, optimal geometrical parameters are extracted. In this regard, the values of L=2, ε=0.5, S_1=1.5 and S_2=2.5 are selected as the optimum geometrical parameters of viscous micro-pump.

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Mixing within electrokinetic micromixers is studied numerically in this article. Micromixer studied here is simply a heterogeneous parallel plate microchannel which is imposed to the electroosmotic flow field. For the through modeling of such flows, the coupled equations of Navier-Stokes, Nernst-Planck, Poisson-Boltzmann and concentration equations are solved for the flow motion, electric charges transport, electric field and species concentrations, respectively. Numerical solution of these set of equations for the heterogeneous microchannels is complicated and difficult. Therefore, simple and approximate model such as Helmholtz-Smoluchowski has been proposed which is basically appropriate for the case of microchannels with the homogenous properties on the walls. Validation of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski model is well-examined for the prediction of two dimensional flow fields, yet its applications is rarely validated for the prediction of concentration field and mixing performance. In this article mixing due to electroosmotic flow field is investigated using Nernst-Planck equations as well as Helmholtz-Smoluchowski models and the accuracy of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski model is evaluated. Comparison of the results indicates that for the proper conditions, approximate model can predict the mixing performance accurately along the micromixer length.

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In this article numerical simulation of electroosmotic flow in heterogeneous microchannel is performed using approximate model of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski in which the effect of electric field on the fluid flow is applied through a slip boundary condition. Solving the concentration equation, the mixing performance of microchannels with heterogeneous zeta-potential is studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. This study shows that combining the electroosmotic and pressure-driven flows in a single microchannel with proper arrangement of the heterogeneities can easily lead to design of electroosmotic micromixers with adjustable mixing performance. The mixing behavior of such micromixers is dominated by the arrangement of zeta-potential distribution as well as the applied external pressure drop. In this article we introduced relative mixing performance and mixing capacity rather than well-discussed factor of mixing performance in order to perform a thorough analysis of mixing. Using these factors, it is found that presence of heterogeneities has a small augmentation on mixing performance when the pressure drop is extremely small or large. Therefore, performance of micromixers with combined flow of electroosmotic and pressure-driven has an optimum point. Furthermore, it is seen that asymmetric level of the charge pattern is more effective on the mixing performance compared to absolute values of wall charges. This promises proper mixing even when surfaces with moderate zeta-potential are used in micromixer.

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In present paper, a numerical study is performed for analysis of effects of geometrical and operational parameters of viscous micropump with the approach to Entropy Generation Minimization by Lattice Boltzmann Method. In study of effect of change in the geometric parameter L and operational parameters ∆P*, it was found that in all ∆P*s, two range of L=1.2 - 1.6 and L=4.4 - 4.8 at EGM viewpoint and two range of L=1.1 - 1.6 and L=4.4 - 4.9 at the minimum power of rotors viewpoint are introduced as optimum ranges. Due to the full overlap of optimum ranges at the EGM viewpoint with the minimum power of rotors viewpoint, the same range mentioned in the EGM viewpoint is selected as the optimal range. Results of the effect of change in the geometric parameter L and operational parameters Re showed that in all Res, two range of L=1.1 - 1.5 and L=4.5 - 4.9 at the EGM viewpoint and two range of L=1.2 - 1.6 and L=4.4 - 4.8 at the minimum power of rotors viewpoint are introduced as optimum ranges. Therefore, the common range of these viewpoint namely L=1.2 - 1.5 and L=4.5 - 4.8 can be selected as the most optimal range. Regarding the effect of change in the geometric parameter ε and operational parameters Re and ∆P* is determined in all Res and ∆P*s, the range of ε = 0.1 – 0.5 is selected as optimum range in the EGM viewpoint and the minimum power of rotors viewpoint.

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Vertebrobasilar system stenosis is one of the risk factor for deaths caused by stroke, the risk of stenosis in these arteries are highly depend on the people’s age. In the present study, atherosclerosis susceptible sites in vertebrobasilar system at different ages 20, 50 and 70 have been investigated. Numerical method (Fluent software) is employed to solve the equations. Blood flow is simulated in these arteries to investigate probable risky sites (prone to stenosis). To find these locations, critical values of the averaged wall shear stress (AWSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) have been studied. By considering the AWSS and OSI criteria in 20 years old person it becomes clear that the risk of stenosis is not considerable at this age, somehow ageing increases OSI figures in the right vertebral artery and in its junction reaching to the critical values, besides at this age, the area of the sites with lower amount of AWSS are stretched significantly. At the age of 70, risky sites are expanded toward right vertebral artery. Furthermore the risk of stenosis in all determined risky sites of age 50 increased at the age of 70.