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Background: Differentiation ofmesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to hepatocyte-like cells could be associated with development of liver function factors. The impact of differentiation-dependent changes on DNA integrity is not well understood. In this study, hepatocytes and their progenitor stem cells were treated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and amplification of selected genes linked to DNA damage was examined. Methods: MSCs and CD34+ cells isolated from umbilical cord blood (UCB) were treated with AFB1 (0, 2.5, 10 and 20 µM) in selective media supporting the hepatocyte differentiation. After 24 htreatment the DNA damage (Comet assay) and amplification rates ofP53 and β-globin genes were measured using real time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Results:The results show that AFB1 treatments resulted in a concentration- dependent increase in the DNA damage and suppression of the specific gene amplification. The extent of DNA damage was significantly greater in hepatocytes differentiated from MSCs when compared to those obtained from CD34+ cells. The effects of AFB1 on the rate of selected gene amplification in QPCR showed that the lesions (expressed as lesions/10 kb) in P53 and β-globin genes was significantly greater in hepatocytes derived from MSCs as compared to the cells derived from CD34+ cells. Conclusions: These data together with the results of cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) expression in the cells suggest that the non-differentiated stem cells are probably less vulnerable to genotoxic agents as compared to hepatocytes differentiated from them.

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Background: Age-related differences in the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity of CYP1A1 and its inducibility in rats may determine the toxic potential of acetaminophen.  This study was carried out to compare the effects of acetaminophen (APAP) and β-naphthoflavone (βNF) on CYP1A1 activity in young and adult rats. Methods: For this purpose, young and adult rats (n = four / group) were treated with different doses of APAP. Likewise groups of young and adult rats were treated with a single dose of β-naphthoflavone (βNF, 67 mg / kg b.w). EROD was measured in microsomal fraction using resorufin as the substrate. Results:The results showed that a single i. p. injection of APAP (25 mg / kg B.W.) failed to alter liver microsomal EROD in young and adults. Whereas, in adults treated with 250 and 450 mg APAP / kg B.W, liver CYP1A1 was elevated to about 45 and 60% respectively. The rate of CYP1A1 induction in young rats with single dose of APAP (450 mg/kg B.W) was approximately 32%. Induction in CYP1A1 was noticed 4 h after APAP injection and returned to normal levels in 24 h. The inducibility of CYP1A1 in rats treated with a toxic dose of APAP was comparable to the data obtained from animals treated βNF, 67 mg / kg b.w. Conclusion: These results together with our previous reports indicate a similar pattern of changes in CYP1A1 in both the age-groups treated with toxic doses of APAP may suggest that the inducible CYP1A1 can equally contribute to protection against liver damage in young and adult rats.

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  Cancer stem cells (CSC) are the tumor-associated cells existed within tumors or hematological cancers which share characteristics similar to normal stem cells. The common characteristics of a normal stem cell and a CSC are their differentiation capacity and self-renewal in tumors. The expression pattern of CSC markers differs depending on the type and location of cancers. CD molecules are probably the most common biomarkers for CSCs. CD molecules such as CD133, CD24, CD44, CD138 and similar CD molecules are well known markers for identification of CSCs. In addition, ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCG2 and ABCB5 as well as EpCAM, ALDH1 and CXCR4 have been used to identify certain CSCs. Therefore these markers may be considered specific for better identification and diagnosis of a specific tumor. Currently studies are in progress to find new cell surface markers which can distinguish specific markers from other markers for isolation and characterization of CSCs. The future of this area of research is promising in developing novel prognostic assays and therapeutic approaches based on cellular and signaling functions of these markers.

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Nowadays, knowledge is one of the most important organizational assets; therefore effective management and employing of this asset has vital role in the organizational success. The present research identifies knowledge sharing barriers in the Isfahan Oil Refining Company and analyzes these barriers to create a suitable context for the implementation of knowledge management and to facilitate movement of the organization into the learning organization. This study is applied and qualitative-phenomenology. The research population includes official employees of Isfahan Oil Refining Company’s operational unit with at least one year of work experience.The data are collected by semi-structured Interview with 24 of the employees who have been selected by purposeful sampling. Also, the Colizzi’s seven- step method for information analysis is employed. Results indicate that the knowledge sharing barriers include individual, organizational, cultural and technologic barriers .Finally solutions for removing these barriers to the managers of the organization are presented.

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Objective: With consideration of lethal effects of aflatoxins specially B1 on human health. Estimation of aflatoxin-albumin adduct, as an important marker of aflatoxin exposure, seems essential. The aim of this study is optimization of HPLC-fluorescence method for measurement of this important marker in blood serum. Materials and Methods: In this study, blood serum of three groups of rats as A) positive controls (treated with AFB1), B) negative controls (without treatment) and standard rats (treated with radiolabeled AFB1) were used. After albumin isolation using ammunium sulphate and acetic acid, purity of albumin was tested by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and albumin concentration was quantified by bradford method. Then albumin was hydrolysed by pronase and aflatoxin bound to albumin was released as aflatoxin-lysine. Pronase was precipitated and albumin was digested by aceton in cold, the volume of supernatant was reduced by freeze-drier and injected into HPLC system. Aflatoxin was quantified in comparison to standard rats samples. Results: The purity of this isolated albumin was confirmed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Albumin concentration in positive, negative and standard samples were 10, 13 and 12.5 mg/ml, respectively. Detection limit (20 pg/mg Alb) for measurement of aflatoxin was determined by HPLC method, specificity and sensitivity of method were 92% and 100% respectively. The mean concentration of AF-Alb adducts in serum of positive control rats was 10 ng/mg Alb and the reproducibility of the method after several repeat was very good. Conclusion: In this study, for AF-Alb adduct quantification by HPLC method, mobile phase, percentage of solvents and run time were changed and the affinity chromatography before HPLC, was deleted. Therefor HPLC- fluorescence which is a precise and specific method, and since it is fast, highly reproducible and cost effective, also with improvement made, could easily be used for the quantification of this important marker in serum.

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In the third century, the political multiplicity of Iran was influential on various thoughts and expansion of the opposite religious interactions. Benefiting from the attention towards the masses of people and equalizing among them, Murjae and Hanafiae could affect Iran and missionaries deeply. In the middle of the third century, with the Shafei’s influence in the fascinating cities of Ray, Neishabur, Samarghand and Tashkand, limited the dominance of Hanafi-Hanbali thoughts. The increase of city dwelling caused by the attraction of missionaries from countryside and villages to these cities would have been another factor in this process. The appropriateness of political geography and the struggling of Zaydieh Shiite direction , tinged with Motazeli thought , against Taherian caused that even Samanid did not succeed in eradicating the social roots of this course in some parts of Iran. In Khorasan, at the end of the third century, Ismaeli missionaries gave priority to change rural religious thought into the alteration of urban political elites’ beliefs. It was Ahmad Ibn Hassan Maderani, who put some emphasis for Imami –Shiite thought in Ray. Kolein in the outskirt of Ray, witnessed the appearance of Mohammad Ibn Yaghub( Jacob ) , the Imami narrative connector , who could present a pattern with Qomi view , for the rationalizing and reconstructing the society of Imami people of Baghdad. It should be noted that the connecting base among Imami populations in Neishabur , Ray, Qom , Marve and Balkh of the third century was something beyond the exchanges of trade :union:s , in particular , it was Qom ,benefiting from the scholarly elites who were in majority, that in the light of Asharites at the end of the third century witnessed the centralization of Imamieh and planning for faithful or economic expansion . In this case, the ideas of Andrew Newman, Wilfred Madelung , Donlop and Pelt are disputable.

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Objective: Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes acute liver injuries. Studies show that stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor, c-Kit, enhance liver recovery from APAP-induced injuries in mice. In this study we explore the effect of SCF on activity of glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) enzymes which are considered to be important in APAP metabolism. Methods: We divided 45 Balb/c mice into three groups. Within each group there were three sub-groups of five mice per subgroup. The groups included: 1. APAP (300 mg/kg B.W., i.p.); 2. SCF (40 µg/kg B.W., i.p.) given.30 minutes after APAP (300 mg/kg B.W., i.p.), and 3.control mice treated with normal saline. The mice were sacrificed at 1, 12 and 24 hours, respectively. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated in the 24 hour group by histopathology and assessment of biochemical serum markers (ALT and AST). We assessed the levels of SCF receptor (c-Kit) protein and GST enzyme activities in the liver tissues.  Results: Hepatotoxicity was induced by APAP (300 mg/kg, B.W) as evident by both histopathological observations and a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum ALT and AST levels, which were reversed by SCF administered post-APAP. SCF administration after APAP administration significantly increased GSTs enzyme activity levels by 24 hours, however it led to a significant decrease in c-Kit protein level compared to the control and APAP groups. Conclusion: Our data suggest that SCF binding to its receptor (c-Kit) on liver cells may attenuate APAP-induced liver injuries by increasing GST activities in the livers of mice.

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Abstract:
Composite construction in steel and concrete offers significant advantages for use as the primary lateral resistance systems in building structures subjected to seismic loading. While composite construction has been common for over half a century through the use of composite beam and joist floor systems, over the past decade a substantial amount of research has been conducted worldwide on a wide range of composite lateral resistance systems. These systems include unbraced moment frames consisting of steel girders with concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) or steel reinforced concrete (i.e., encased steel sections, or SRC) beam-columns; braced frames having concrete-filled steel tube columns; and a variety of composite and hybrid wall systems.
Structural walls are widely used in building structures as the major structural members to provide substantial lateral strength, stiffness, and the inelastic deformation capacity needed to withstand earthquake ground motions. In recent years, steel reinforced concrete (SRC) walls have gained popularity for use in high-rise buildings in regions of high seismicity. SRC walls have additional structural steel embedded in the boundary elements of the reinforced concrete (RC) walls. Walls with additional shapes referred as composite steel-concrete shear walls, contain one or more encased steel shapes, usually located at the ends of the wall.
Composite shear walls with steel boundary element are known as the structural members able to withstand high in-plane lateral forces at low displacement levels. Reinforced concrete shear walls with steel boundary element being performed in Iran are joined to the foundation, in boundary element section, usually through bolts and base plates. Most reliable codes of the world have nothing to say about the behavior of this type of shear walls, and no experimental studies or analyses have been conducted on the behavior of this type of shear walls. In the past decade, great effort has been devoted to the study of seismic behavior of SRC walls, for Design provisions for SRC walls have also been included in some leading design codes and specifications, for example, AISC 341-10 , Eurocode 8, and JGJ 3-2010
Exposed baseplates together with anchor bolts are the customary method of connection of steel structures to the concrete footings . In this paper, the influence of cross section of base plate’s joint bolts to the foundation and the wall’s longitudinal bars embedding within the area of boundary element in the foundation, on the behavior of this type of shear walls have been investigated. The finite element software is first calibrated and the accuracy of its results is validated through modeling the experimental samples. In this research, the concrete’s nonlinear finite element analysis method and concrete damage plasticity model have been used for the concrete’s behavior modeling. The results show that increasing in the level of bolt’s cross section and also the embedding of longitudinal bars of boundary element in the foundation cause an improvement of the capacity of these walls. However, these walls’ resistance against the normal axial loads is considered to be less than reinforced concrete shear wall.

Keywords: Reinforced concrete shear wall, Steel boundary element, Concrete damage plasticity model, Finite element model.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship of knowledge sharing in organization on the success of talent management system with considering the social capital in petroleum industry. The main question in this article is "How can we implement TM and knowledge sharing by using their relationship"? The results showed that it happens via social capital. For this purpose, 3 questionnaires for evaluating TM, knowledge sharing and SC were distribute among 174 of human resource managers and experts in the staff divisions of Iranian National Petroleum Company and its affiliated branches located in Tehran by using randomized classification method. Finally, 62 people with sample formula were selected. Among them, 57 were returned (35% of the population). Analysis of data via structural equation model (SEM) supported the mediator role of SC on the relationship between TM and knowledge sharing variables. It means that focus on social capital and employing it in organizations can affect the success of implementing TM and knowledge sharing variables in organizations.