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Urban space is combination of two parts including form and meaning. The signs in the urban space together with its codes form the part of urban space meaning. Signs are the part of the visual media which are presented for the citizens, So the citizens discover code's meaning by decoding of internal concept and are influenced by it. The question is that the signs which are presented to citizens as a visual media what relations they have with national identity elements? Urban signs can have meanings of national identity elements into their codes. It is notable that prominence of some elements and factors rather than others has role in formation, reinforcement and representation of national identity. Therefore in this research an attempt has been made to evaluation of relations between the signs meaning in urban space and elements of national identity factors in the 6th, mural district of Tehran as a case study by using of qualitative analysis and the basics semiotics. The results of this research in the 6th district of Tehran indicated that urban signs are influenced by national identity factors and they have meanings and concepts of it inside themselves. Also prominences of some national identity features rather than other features lead to formation of national identity and also play the important role in reinforcement and representation of national identity by repeating the meanings influenced by national identity.

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Understanding the environment and geopolitical analysis of neighboring border cities are the most important factors that should be taken into account to establish security and expand bilateral relations, which are sought after by countries, especially cities in Southwest Asia. In recent years, some actions of neighboring countries or trans-regional countries have led to insecurity in urban areas. By understanding this concept, the characteristics of the eastern borders of Iran and the relations between Iran and Pakistan, including the cities of Zahedan and Quetta, will be studied in detail by employing a descriptive-analytical research method.

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The growing trend of local conflicts within the national space of countries and between the political-administrative realms raises this issue that on what factors and foundations are such conflicts and tensions are based and what mechanism do they follow? Although fundamental differences and contradictions in various spatial -geographical, social, cultural and ethnic, historical, political, etc are the basis of many internal tensions and conflicts in countries, the method of management and political organization of the space in the form of civil divisions is one of the most important factors intensifying or reducing these conflicts. Therefore, in this research, using the descriptive-analytic method and relying on library resources, the most important causes and sources of tension and conflict among political-administrative realms within countries are discussed. The results showed that factors such as the pattern of political management of national space, changes in borders and boundaries of the administrative divisions, natural and cultural heterogeneity in divided units, unbalanced development of political -administrative units, the geography of power and support participation, local competitions, electoral constituency, place senses of units and the resulting identity effects, unbalanced shapes and sizes of divided units, border disputes and environmental issues are the most important factors in creating tension and conflict among political -administrative realms. All of these factors are in a systematic relationship and their interactions will intensify conflicting interests and diverge and eventually create tensions and conflicts among the political -administrative realms.

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Division of territorial and demographic area of country into electoral districts is the first step to facilitate elections and provide a suitable background for a fair proportion between the number of lawmakers and the population of the country. Drawing electoral districts must be in such a way that guarantees the justice and equality among citizens and leads to the formation of democratic parliament that represents different groups of the people. The present study has assessed trend of approval of the bill to reform the table of electoral districts of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the number of lawmakers in 2000. This research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive in terms of nature and general method. The findings show that demographic indicators, adaption to administrative divisions, extent, place competition, deprivation, locating in border areas, and finally economical and industrial situation were the most important effective indicators in increasing lawmakers and reforming electoral districts in 20 cases. Lack of definition of indicators for criteria of Article 64 of the Constitution (human, political, geographical and alike) and failure to calculate their weight and share in redistricting due to the lack of a redistricting part in ministry of interior have led to spatial injustice in increasing the number of lawmakers, separating and annexation some electoral districts in government bill.

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Management and optimal utilization of ecosystems need to identify their components and the relation and interactions between these components. The purpose of this research to determine the correlation between soil factors and vegetation parameters in a part of the Watershed rangelands in the Mazandaran province. The area of rangeland was about 2296 ha. For this purpose, 25 land units were selected by overlaying the slope, aspect and height maps using GIS as a foundation of sampling of vegetation and soil. Soil factors such as N, organic material, pH, EC, texture and structure were determined. Then plant cover parameters (canopy and density) measured for some species. Using statistic methods, correlations results showed that between soil factors and percentage of canopy cover and density in studied species identified, the effects of soil factors on studied species were not the same. EC, pH and clay were more effective on canopy and EC, clay, N and pH were more effective than the others on density of most of species. Also these relations differ with kind of vegetation. Also results showed that each plant species grows and lives in special edaphically condition that is different for others.

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Trip generation is the first stage of the conventional four-step travel forecasting framework that estimates the number of trips to and from a traffic analysis zone. Using linear regression model is common in this step and generates an acceptable level of performance from the perspective of transport planning, however this model does not incorporate traveler behavior, integer and non-negative nature of trips. To overcome these limitation, several models have been suggested: censored model such as Tobit for deleting negative values; count data models such as negative binomial and Poisson for deleting continuous and negative values; and discrete choice models such as ordered logit and probit for incorporating traveler behavior and preventing continuous and negative values. Given the importance of trip generation stage and lack of sufficient and quantitive attention to various trip production models, this paper develops alternative trip production models. The purpose of this paper is a structural analysis for various trip production models and comparison of their performance in prediction. Four representative models (regression, Tobit, Poisson and ordered logit) are applied to the educational trips in Qazvin city. The modeling unit employed in this study is the household. Sample is included econometric- social attributes 4734 houshols. 85% of the data used for estimation and the rest to validation. The models are assessed by how closely they are able to replicate trips ,made by each household in the estimation and validation dataset. in order to compare the performance of models in prediction, each of the models is developed on estimation dataset, and the models are used to predict the trips made by each household in validation and estimation dataset. Measures assessing how well the predicted number of trips made daily by each houshold by each of the models compared to the observed number of trip made by the houshold are evaluated and compared. The four measure for assessing performance are the mean absolute error, regression of the predicted number of household- trips against the observed number of household trip in term of goodness of fit and coefficient of determination, and compare plot of observed and predicted aggregate trip shares. In order to modeling is used stata software. The result show that, In every four models, number of school students, number of university students, and household car ownership have been statistically significant. The performance of each of the models are different in term of various measures (mean absolute error, regression of the predicted number of household- trips against the observed number of household trip in term of goodness of fit and coefficient of determination, and compare plot of observed and predicted aggregate trip shares).From mean absolute error perspective, ordered Logit and linear regression models have the best performance, but from goodness of fit regression of the predicted number of household- trips against the observed number of household trip, Tobit models have the best performance. Ordered Logit models have the best performance in terms of coefficient of determination of the predicted number of household- trips against the observed number of household trip and comparision of predicted share of every trip rate level with observed share. The performance of each of the models are similar in prediction of validation and estimation dataset.

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In recent years, the international system has witnessed the dynamics ofcompetition between great powers over regional key Regions. In this context, theIndian Ocean appears as a strategic and vital region for the powers inside andoutside it, and any development in it affects the security of the region. Consideringthe need to establish security in the current situation where increasing competitionprevails in the Indian Ocean, analyzing and investigating the economicdevelopments of these countries is of great importance. The purpose of thisresearch, which has been carried out by using the descriptive-analytical methodand library sources, is to describe the concept of the Blue Economy and evaluateit in the countries of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council: Bahrain, Kuwait ,Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. It also explains thechallenges and opportunities they face in the Indian Ocean. The results of the studyof the water economy of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council countries indicatethe relative difference in the level of these countries to each other, so if thesecountries seek to achieve development and maximum use of resources andopportunities which the Indian Ocean has provided for them, they also have theintention of overcoming the challenges governing this ocean, and they should putspecial emphasis on the actions that lead to convergence