Showing 17 results for Afary
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
The probiotic effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger on the feeding efficiency, body composition, ammonia excretion, blood serum enzymes and the intestinal microbiota of juvenile beluga, Huso huso was investigated. The fish (31.8±2.81g) were randomly allocated into 12 oval tanks at a density of 30 individuals per tank with three replicates for each treatment,. The fish were fed either a basal diet (as control) or the diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae and A. niger (2×106, 4×106 and 6×106 cells g-1) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the probiotic supplemented diet at 6×106 (cells g-1) significantly improved FCR and other nutritional indicators compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Significant improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in ammonia excretion and blood serum enzymes between treatments. Total viable fungus and Lactobacillus spp. count were significantly improved in treatment compared to control (p<0.05). These results indicated that S. cerevisiae and A. niger improved feeding performance and blood serum enzymes of beluga.
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2014)
Abstract
In a completely randomized design, the effects of two probiotic bacteria, Bifidobacterium animalis and B. lactis at four concentrations of 0 (control), 1×109 (T1), 2×109 (T2) and 3×109 (T3) CFU 100g-1 on nutritional parameters of rainbow trout fry (0.538 ± 0.197 g body weight) were compared for 60 days, with each treatment carried in three replications. A significant difference was observed between treatments and the control in protein and lipid gain and also body composition (p<0.05). Despite a significant difference of metabolic growth rate in T1 and T2 with T3 and the control, no significant difference was observed between T3 and the control. The results demonstrated that the use of thesebacteria could improve nutritional parameters and metabolic growth rate of rainbow trout fry.
Volume 6, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
In a completely randomized experiment, the effect of Daphnia magna meal on growth performance and carcass composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae (body weight 0.538±0.197 g) was evaluated for a period of 60 days. Five diets with the same protein content (crude protein 52.70%) were prepared, including two diets containing fermented daphnia meal T1 (20%), T2 (30%), two diets containing raw meal T3 (20%) and T4 (30%), and a basal diet without daphnia meal as the control. The bacterial species used for fermenting included five commercial probiotic species. Fermented daphnia meal brought about significantly higher growth and the lowest feed conversion ratios, viz. T1 (1.27 ± 0.35) and T2 (1.31 ± 0.46), in comparison with T3 (1.38 ± 0.37), T4 (1.41 ± 0.42) and the control (1.84 ± 0.69) (p<0.05). The result of carcass composition analyzes showed that the highest protein percentage (68.23 ± 0.48%) was in T2 and the highest percentage of fat and energy (11.26 ± 0.50% , 4761.63 ±48.88 Cal g-1) were in T4 (p<0.05). The overall results of this experiment indicated that daphnia could be considered as a suitable partial protein source in rainbow trout larval feed.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (2-2019)
Abstract
The antibiosis, host preference in free-choice situation, and digestive enzyme activity of Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were evaluated in the laboratory (25 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% R. H. with a 14-h day) on nine host plants: broccoli, canola (leaf, flower, and pod), cauliflower, kohlrabi, radish, red cabbage and white cabbage. The antibiosis test was based on life table parameters and the experiment started with 50 replicates for each host plant using clip cages. The immature survival varied from 34% on red cabbage to 78% on cauliflower. The viviparous aphids reared on rapeseed (flower) had the highest GRR and R0 values, and those on red cabbage had the lowest GRR and R0 values. Also, aphids reared on rapeseed (flower) had significantly higher rm value. The lowest rm value was obtained when individuals fed upon red cabbage. In host preference experiment, rapeseed (leaf) attracted the significantly higher number of adults as opposed to radish, which attracted the lower number of adults. Females who came from nymphs reared on rapeseed (flower) were heavier than other hosts. The growth index of nymphs varied from 0.035 to 0.103, with the minimum on red cabbage and the maximum on cauliflower. The amylolytic activity in adults was higher on rapeseed (flower) and the lowest on red cabbage. In addition, the highest and lowest proteolytic activity was on rapeseed (flower) and red cabbage, respectively. The results of this study indicated that red cabbage was an unsuitable host for feeding of B. brassicae.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio juvenile feeding of Basilli sp. probiotics in the condition of before and after long distance transports.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental research, 180 carp juvenile were stocked in 2 tanks (capacity 400-L) for 45 days. Fish juvenile in one tank was feeding with multi-strain probiotic (Protexin) were used at a concentration of 1×107 CFU/ liter and fish in the other tank was not consumed probiotic. At the end of the feeding trial, the carp juvenile from both treatments randomly were packed in plastic bags (40-L) at the density of 1kg/bag (~20 fish/bag). The juvenile feeding previously from probiotic were packed in 2 treatments with/or without of NaCl in water. Also, the juvenile feed of the control tank was packed in bags as the control. The bags unpacked after 12h and blood samples were taken from 10 fish in each replicate and hematological parameters were compared among the groups.
Findings: Results indicate that WBC, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC and leukocytes differential count are affected by after transport stress and before the catching (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the amounts of RBC and hemoglobin in experimental treatments (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results, finding of this study indicated that feeding of common carp juvenile with Basilli sp. probiotics had positive effects on blood parameters after long-distance transportation in plastic baggage, thereby if used in diet, it can be good alternatives to salt.
Volume 9, Issue 1 (Winter 2020)
Abstract
Aims: The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of three commercial prebiotics A-Max, Celmanax and
Ultra (each of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg diets) on growth, feed performance and blood biochemical compounds of beluga juvenile.
Materials & Methods: 900 fish with average weight of 21.5± 0.89 gr feeding was performed in 9 treatments (which on with three replicate) for 60 days. Control treatment was without supplementation. Fish were fed to satiation triple daily of 5% body weight. At the end of this period, the feed and growth performance were measured.
Findings: There was a significantly higher final body weight in ultra 0.5 (90.00± 21.78 g) compared with control (37.50± 9.60 g). The highest and lowest of food conversion were in treatments control and ultra (0.5), respectively. The results showed that the highest Fat and protein efficiency ratio was obtained in
Ultra 0.5 (2.19± 0.77 and 7.37± 2.60) and lowest in control. Generally, the best treatments were in groups: Celmanax (dose of 0.5), A-Max (dose of 1.5) and
Ultra (0.5). In addition, after determining the proper dose, blood samples were collected fish in the above-mentioned treatments. Based on the results of blood biochemistry parameters, there were no significant difference AST, ALP and ALT activity, so that the highest amount was obtained in the control. There were no significant differences in protein and cortisol experiment groups.
Conclusion: The results showed that the use of prebiotics in juvenile sturgeon diet has positive effects on feed performance and blood biochemical parameters.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Winter 2019)
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the treatment of genetic disorders, such as cancer, is of drug delivery systems and their inability to monitor and track delivered drug to the targeted site. Therefore, the design of novel with dual capabilities of nuclear drug delivery and tracking into a research priority for this field’s The aim of this study is to design based on both non-cytotoxic quantum dots and chimeric peptides, with dual tracking and delivering small genetic agents into the nucleus. The GQDs with green emission color were synthesized by Hummer’s and methods and characterized by UV-Vis, photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). conjugated with MPG-2H1 chimeric peptides through noncovalent interactions. Following conjugation step, the ζ-potential of the complex increased (From -38.6 to -11.1 in complex1, -9.6 in complex2 and -5.74 in complex3). The conjugation was confirmed by native acrylamide gel retardation assay. The of the GQDs was investigated by MTT assay and finally, was carried out. The results showed that MPG-2H1/ GQD complexes can enter cells; however, free-GQDs didn’t enter the cells significantly.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Because of the importance of osmoregulation in success of the juvenile Caspian Roach (Rutilus caspicus) release, maintenance and their restoration, this study was performed with the aim of the evaluation of these fish (average weight of 1.4 g± 0.018 g) to the salinity tolerance of the Caspian Sea by abrupt and gradual transfer methods on two different occasions of short-term (24 hours) and long-term (21 days). For this reason, 360 juvenile roaches were distributed to 9 different experimental treatments (each of them with 3 replicates) with 1) increased abrupt salinity (direct transfer to the Caspian Sea water), 2) increased gradual salinity (3 ppt for every 24 hrs) and 3) the Control group (freshwater). In order to evaluate the ion regulation, osmolality, Na+, K+ and Cl- were measured in fish. Some immune responses related to the increased salinity (immunoglobulin and lysozyme) and stress indices (cortisol and glucose) were also measured. Based on the obtained results, the fish in both treatments of increased salinity showed high percentage of survival. All parameters related to ion regulation were decreased after a primary increase. Furthermore, the trend of cortisol and immunoglobulin changes were negatively correlated showing decreased stress response and increased immune system for both salinity transfer methods. Thus, the roach juveniles (1-2 g) are able to be transferred into the Caspian Sea directly.
Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Abstract
- In this study, the shrinkage behavior of knitted fabrics during drying is studied .To this end, a model is presented to predict the knitted fabric length changes during the drying process. In order to model the shrinkage behavior, a 1DOF model consisting of a mass, a linear spring and a linear dashpot was used. Considering that the fabric is wet, mass is time dependent and Three-order Straight Forward Expansion method is used to solve nonlinear equations of motion. The results of the model were compared with the experimental results of five samples with different courses density. The results show that the proposed model is capable to predict the length changes of the center of the mass during the process of drying and after that. Error rate is about ten percent for the samples with less Loop length. But by increasing the length of the loop, error rates increases.
Volume 16, Issue 5 (7-2016)
Abstract
Grasping in unstructured environments is one of the most challenging issues currently facing robotics. The inherent uncertainty about the properties of the target object and its surroundings makes the use of robot hands, which typically involve complex hands, require elaborate sensor suites, and are difficult to control. For this purpose, in this paper combining the kinematic structure of a three and two links finger for design and fabrication of robotic gripper will be evaluated. At first, the challenges associated with grasping by careful mechanical design of gripper was analyzed. Then, will be described the design and fabrication of a sample gripper with combining a three-links finger similar to the human index finger and a two-links finger similar to the thumb. In the following, the performance of this hand for grasping various objects will be examined. The results show that with two fingers and simple design, without require to the complex control can grasp various objects successfully. Also the results demonstrate that compared with the previous researches and by proximity to the kinematic structure of the human hand fingers, by combining two with three link fingers this gripper will have a better performance than the previous symmetric gripper for successful grasping large objects.
Volume 18, Issue 6 (11-2016)
Abstract
The aim of this study was optimization of almond kernels drying with infrared-vacuum dryer and microwave pretreatment using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The almond kernels were dried as thin layer with air temperatures of 30, 45 and 75°C vacuum pressures of 20, 40 and 60 kPa and microwave powers of 270, 450, and 630W. Design expert software was used to generate the experimental designs, statistical analysis, and regression models. The results showed that the optimum point for drying of almond kernels under infrared-vacuum dryer and microwave pretreatment with RSM method and considering the minimum value of shrinkage, energy consumption, and total color change as well as the maximum value of effective moisture diffusivity can be achieved at air temperature of 45°C, vacuum pressure of 34.04 kPa, and microwave power of 270W with 68% desirability and optimum point with GA method can be obtained at air temperature of 45°C, vacuum pressure of 34.05 kPa and microwave power of 270W.
Volume 19, Issue 4 (April 2019)
Abstract
In this study, 1.5vol.% of SiC nanoparticles was added to AZ31 magnesium alloy via a stir-casting method. Next, the as-cast ingots were extruded at 400°C with the ratio of 3.78. After extruding, the materials were subjected to multidirectional forging (MDF) at 320°C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 passes. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of extruded and MDFed materials, shear punch (SPT) and Vickers microhardness tests were applied. The results of these tests showed that hard ceramic nanoparticles improved the shear strength and hardness of the matrix alloy. The shear yield strength, ultimate shear strength, and hardness of extruded alloy were 86.70 MPa, 119.43 MPa, and 52.55 HV, respectively, while in extruded AZ31/SiCp nanocomposite, these values increased by 9.91%, 5.48%, and 13.99%, respectively. It was also observed that nanocomposites processed with multi-directional forging offer better mechanical properties than non-MDFed materials. The results indicated that after the first two passes, there was a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, such that the shear yield strength, ultimate shear strength, and hardness were improved in contrast with the extruded state by 27.12%, 17.95%, and 16.03%, respectively. Mechanical properties during the next passes were periodically reduced and increased. Microstructural observations also showed that the average grain size variations were periodic during the increase of MDF passes. After the second pass, the grains were finer than the extruded state, and their size increased in the next two passes. From 4th to 6th pass, the grain size decreased and the smallest grains were obtained in this case, while in the last two passes, the grains grew slightly. Despite the smaller and homogeneous structure created by the 6th and 8th passes, the best mechanical properties were obtained in the second pass, which means, in addition to the microstructural changes, also modifications in the material texture during the MDF process had an impact on mechanical properties.
Volume 19, Issue 122 (April 2022)
Abstract
Lentil consumption has been constantly growing due to its nutritional composition and functional properties. Lentil seeds are rich in several bioactive compounds with an effect on decreasing the symptoms of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and aging. In this study, the effects of acetone extract (GLA extract), soluble fiber (GLSF), and protein (PGL) extracted from green lentils (concentration of 50 mg/ml) on anti-diabetic properties were investigated by measuring the inhibitory activity of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. There was no significant between the inhibitory activity of alpha-amylase activity by GLA extract and PGL (p < 0.05). Also GLA extract had the greatest effect on inhibition of glucosidase activity (67.08%). Fluorescence quenching had studied the changes in the tertiary structure of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase using different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 mg/mL) of GLA extract, GLSF, and PGL. The results showed that all three compounds extracted from green lentils play as a natural source to inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes and be used in the production of functional foods.
Volume 19, Issue 132 ( February 2023)
Abstract
Maize bran is the most common by-product of maize milling process and it is mainly used as animal feed. In this study, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of two types of maize fiber gum, FAX (fiber with phenolic compounds) and Y (fiber without phenolic compounds), were examined. In addition, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence intensity was assessed to explore the inhibitory mechanism of two enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results revealed that FAX had the highest DPPH radical scavenging property at 39.74 ± 0.399 µmolTE/g, whereas Y had 3.73 ± 0.257 µmolTE/g. Furthermore, the ABTS cationic radical scavenging activity in FAX was 137.10 ± 2.99 µmolTE/g, whereas Y was 29.68 ± 1.17 µmolTE/g. FAX had a higher inhibition rate of porcine α-amylase enzyme activity than Y, and the difference was significant (p ˂ 0.05). FAX inhibited rat intestinal α-glucosidase activity the highest (26.15%), whereas Y had no enzyme inhibition property at the concentration used. In addition, applying different concentrations of both fibers to α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes resulted in a decrease in fluorescence intensity; however, this intensity was higher for FAX. Both fibers were able of inhibiting both enzymes by changing the third structure of the enzyme via non-covalent bonds. Overall, the results showed that high phenolic fiber from maize bran can be consider as a natural source of antioxidant activity and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and that it can be used in the production of functional foods.
Volume 23, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Abstract
Differential induction of genes in wheat (cv. Chamran) in response to Mycosphaerella graminicola was studied using cDNA-AFLP analysis. The three weeks old wheat seedlings were inoculated by the fungal pathogen, then the samples were collected at six time points (0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours) after inoculation with pathogen. By comparing the expression patterns of induced (infected) with non-induced (uninfected) plants, 276 differentially expressed fragments were identified and sequenced. Blast search of wheat genes assigned these sequences to different functional categories including defense, metabolism, energy, transcription, transport, signal transduction, stress response, secondary metabolism, and unknown sequences. Eight defense-related genes including lipoxygenase, peroxidase (PR 9), chitinase (PR 2, 4, 8) , PR-1, thaumatin-like protein (PR5), Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), β-1-3 glucanase (PR3), disulfide isomerase, and methionine sulfoxide reductase were induced 12 to 24 hours after inoculation in this cultivar of wheat. Induction of glucosyltransferase, Catalase, and putative xylanase inhibitor genes were observed around 48 h after inoculation with pathogen. Expression patterns of the other three genes, i.e., chalcone synthase, EXECUTER 1 protein, and nonspecific lipid transfer protein showed that these genes were induced later after inoculation (72-96 hours). Our data showed that expression of the PR- proteins were enhanced 24 h after inoculation, suggesting that they may play a role in the defense against M. graminicola. Expression of lipoxygenase, glycosyltransferase, thaumatin like protein, putative xylanase inhibitor, EXECUTER 1 protein and Nonspecific lipid transfer protein are reported for the first time in this interaction.
Janet Afary,
Volume 26, Issue 1 (8-2019)
Abstract
This article examines the performance of justice in Qajar Iranian society (1789-1906) and the ways in which social hierarchies operated in the determination of justice. As in ancient or medieval European society, people were not considered equal before the law. Men were treated differently from women, while non-Muslims were subject to substantially different expectations and punishments. Sunnis and those belonging to other Shi’i schools of Islam such as the Isma‘ilis and Zaidis had fewer rights than Twelver Shi’is in legal disputes and were subject to more restrictions. But even men belonging to Twelver Shi’ism, the largest branch of Shi’ism and a majority of Iranian, were not equal before the law. In addition, partly because of the duality between ‘urfi customary law and sharia religious law, and party because of clerical power, laws were neither unanimous nor centralized, which meant justice was often arbitrary. Qajar justice commonly practiced corporeal punishment and executions, usually performed in public, and these served as a means of both chastising the people and entertaining them. Finally, the institution of slavery remained in force. Slaves, as moveable properties, occupied a position between humans and commodities and were subject to very different sets of regulations and punishments. One consequence of this patch quilt of laws was that European powers, starting in the Safavid era, demanded the right to adjudicate legal disputes between their citizens who resided in Iran and the local populace. These agreements, which were known as capitulation treaties, offered protection to persecuted minorities of Iran and runaway slaves. But they also allowed foreign powers to become involved in Iran’s domestic affairs and to monitor maritime trade in the Persian Gulf. All of these social hierarchies would be questioned in the course of the 1906 Constitutional Revolution and new laws would be promulgated in the hopes of creating a modern state with equal rights for citizens.
Volume 27, Issue 3 (Fall 2023)
Abstract
Nowadays, by the increasing expansion of commercial contracts in the international arena, the use of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses have been increased. These clauses have many functions for the parties compared to other judicial and arbitration methods. Identifying this issue is very useful in the practical procedure, assuming that the terms of the dispute resolution are binding, the arbitrator starts the arbitration regardless of the observance of these terms by the parties, the arbitration award is invalid due to the lack of competence of the arbitrator, or the violation of the terms is simply a matter of admissibility. A group is of the opinion that non-compliance with the condition of multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses directly affects the jurisdiction, and the arbitrator has exceeded the limits of his jurisdiction, subsequently the decision issued according to the law is null, and it has no legal effect. In contrast, some believe that this issue is related to the admissibility, which is a gentler approach and in line with respecting the sovereignty of the volition governance principle to resolve the dispute through arbitration and non-intervention of the court. Basically, their basis for supporting this theory is that the claim is merely defective in form, and the arbitration agreement between the parties is valid. Regarding the types of legal reactions to non-compliance with the conditions of dispute resolution, suspending the arbitration process at the same time as granting a deadline to comply with the pre-arbitration conditions is preferable to other solutions.
