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Since in recent decades the world population increased, it causes to ascend the municipal solid waste (MSW) production. Therefore, to manage this and control its damages that affect the environment, some applied techniques are needed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the techniques used in this research for selecting and arranging one or more scenario. The presented scenarios were composting, incineration, landfilling and recycling which were chosen by considering their implementation in the case study site.  Each scenario was analyzed in terms of ten environmental indicators that include abiotic depletion potential, ozone layer depletion potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, fresh water toxicity potential, marine toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation and eutrophication. The employed software for this analysis was Simapro. Results indicated that the landfilling scenario had the highest pollution ratio in eight environmental indicators and after that, the incineration scenario was the most polluting in two ozone layer depletion potential and global warming potential indicators. Recycling was the best scenario in point of lowest effects on global warming potential and human toxicity potential indicators. Composting was the scenario that had the lowest footprint on seven environmental indicators in comparison to other scenarios. In addition, this scenario showed the lowest environmental pollution burden in ozone layer depletion potential among all indicators. In general, according to the findings of this study, composting scenario is recognized as an appropriate method for municipal solid waste management in Urmia metropolis of Iran.
 

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The graphical technique for nonlinear circuits was described that enable us to optimize circuits to obtain maximum output power, maximum efficiency or minimum intermodulation. According to this method a high power amplifier in the Ka band was designed. Using a nonlinear model of the transistor, optimum slope for load-line was determined so that maximum power at the output was obtainable, then the output matching circuit was synthesized. Finally, the nonlinear network of the high power amplifier was analyzed by the harmonic balance method and the output load cycles were optimized by modification of the bias point or output matching network.

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Zakaria Tamer, a Syrian writer, has been a leading writer of short stories. He has written his stories in an organized structure and a coherent way. All of his stories’ elements and components bring about movement and effort in order to send a specific message. “Wajh al-Qamar” is one of his stories in which he puts all elements together in a linear way to convey the message of defending Orient women who have been humiliated previously. To better understand the main message of the story, its analysis based on syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes makes a significant contribution to the transfer of message. Paradigmatic relation enables the writer to select among the words collection, those words which fit the structure, and the selected words will be put together in a vertical linear direction to create a new written composition. Its paradigmatic value is understood by the fact that Samiha means merciful (dedicator) and all Orinet women have dedicated their whole bodies to men. In syntagmatic axis, the relationship between phrases and their composition is investigated along a horizontal line, when they are put together, the story’s direction moves forward. The characteristics, which have been put together, have a clear meaning separately, but they will convey a symbolic meaning when used together like the syntagmatic of lemon tree with a mad man’s sigh, which refers to the creation of a distance between Samiha’s childhood and thereafter.

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In developing countries, innovation is less than expectation, so these countries require to consider a different development paradigm such as learning economy that focus on active learning and the “doing, using and interacting” innovation approach for introducing the required context for creating and diffusing informal interaction that may result to technical knowledge acquisition. In this paper, the effective factors on Iran’s transition to learning economy have been identified. Research approach is inductive and qualitative and themes and components have been identifies based on grounded theory. By considering the importance and role of organization in relation with determined themes and components, organizational implications for Iran’s transition to learning economy include learning organization, organizational unlearning, policy learning and organizational capacity, and absorptive capacity and organizational capability have been investigated.    
 

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Introduction
Space is the basis of socio-economic production based on political pragmatism, which reflects the political economy. Geographical spaces are the basis of human activities, and these activities give superstructure reflections to the space. The production and transformation of the geographical spaces of cities are the result of decisions made by powerful and rich political-economic individuals and organizations. In this regard, cities are examples of political economy reflections on geographical spaces, which are continuously influenced by the patterns of political and economic systems of countries at different levels (local, national, regional and international). Governments, as the most important players in the political organization of space, have the duty of formulating policies and planning the best for space development. Governments in most countries directly and indirectly interfere in space usage; by allocating funds and investing in space to build urban facilities such as universities, power plants, stadiums, schools, etc., they develop spatially. Therefore, today, cities have not only become the space of political power but also the center of all economic activities. Therefore, the space of urban environments, as a phenomenon that has been colonized and commoditized, is bought and sold, created and destroyed, used and abused, and the stock market plays on it. This research tries to investigate the reflections of political economy in the contemporary period on the geographical space of Urmia City.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytical. The reflections of the geographical space of Urmia city were measured under the influence of political economy components based on documentary findings, remote sensing (GHSL & ESA) and evaluation of elites in the form of questionnaire field findings, and questionnaire findings were analyzed by Amos software, and were analyzed.
Result and Discussion
The analysis of documentary findings shows that the functions of the dominant economic-political system model in Urmia city are integrated and under the influence of "national rentier economy and national rentier government", so that there is a kind of duality in productive relations and productive forces. The spatial reflection is also the presentation of a different spatial organization with the emergence of external and internal conflicts. The construction of the artificial environment not only requires some local economic actors, such as architects, builders and contractors, but also some discourses, political processes and elite rotation procedures, especially in city council elections. A wide range of actors in political economy are involved, from the production and sale of construction inputs to the stages of building construction and sale, pricing, etc. The findings also indicate the existence of a vertical relationship between the national level government and the city government. The discourses and macro-policies of the national government in Iran have had an impact on the production performance of Urmia municipality. These two institutions, through economic policies, exert their will to produce an artificial environment in the city with an emphasis on reproduction and accumulation of capital, meeting the needs of market demand, organizing the urban space, etc. Of course, the examination of the visual reflections of the city of Urmia shows that in periods when both the national and local governments had the two roles of agent and policymaker in cases such as the production of artificial environments, spatial management and organization of capital, and administrative-executive organization of the city in line with the model of political economy, economic enterprises, by investing in line with the economic policies of the government, have used neglected places and old neighborhoods and vacant lands suitable for construction projects in order to reproduce capital. They turn excess into physical forms to produce new spaces.
Conclusions
The economic policies of the government (national and local) in the urban construction sector have been accompanied by extremes, to the extent that the government has gradually turned from a policymaking position to an agency. In the atmosphere of the city, those actors of political economy who have political power can take over economic power through lobbies or applying their wishes to legal instructions. On the one hand, they spread the phenomenon of rent-seeking, and on the other hand, they push the nature of the reflection of the geographical space of the city towards rent-oriented. The most obvious examples of political economy reflections on the geographical space of Urmia are: a) concentration of power and wealth in certain areas; b) circulation of excess capital and wealth in the production of new spaces; c) formation of poverty areas; d) commodification of Urmia city space in the second cycle of capitalism; and e) expansion and spatial expansion.

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Geography is one of the most important determinants of stability or instability in countries. geography is the basis of many social and political developments within countries, even the relations between them and their neighbors. One of the clear examples of this is Afghanistan. This country is known as a crisis-prone country in terms of human geography. War and insecurity, political instability, poverty, extensive internal disputes have plagued the people and this geography for years. The purpose of the current research is to explain the foundations of human geography in the crises of this country. This research is of a descriptive type, whose theoretical framework is obtained from the combination of Hoggett's theory and Cohen's theory, and based on it, the bases and contexts of the crisis in Afghanistan have been explained from a human geographical perspective. According to the findings of the research, all the crises in Afghanistan are affected by human geography and caused by human heterogeneity, the interventions of the powers, as a result of which this country has been in a fragile and unstable situation for years and has remained a crisis maker. Border disputes with neighbors, being landlocked, being a barrier, being located in a fragile region, multiple neighbors, disputes over common border rivers and changing their course are some of the most stable issues of Afghanistan's geography. Ethnicism, linguistic and religious prejudices, extreme fundamentalism, illiteracy, drug cultivation and trafficking, migration, poverty and deprivation, and nomads are among the controversial issues in strengthening humanitarian crises...

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Aims: Self-directed learning is an essential skill to promote stable learning. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation betweeen the dimensions of constructivist and self-directed learning environments among the students of medical sciences.
Instruments and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2016, using a multistage sampling among students, who studied Health, Paramedical Sciences, Nursing, and Midwifery in associate, bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees and students of Medicine and Dentistry in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The 365 students were randomly classified in each school and the data were gathered by Wiliamson's self-directed questionnaire and Taylor et al.'s constructivist learning environment questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 21 Software. Along with independent t-test, correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's test was used as the post-hoc test.
Findings: A significant correlation was found between the dimensions of constructivist learning environment and self-directed learning skills. There was a significant relationship between self-directed learning skills and the students' interest in their own fields of study. Also, a significant statistical relationship was found between self-directed skills and the gender of the students. In terms of the mean of the self-directed learning, there was a significant difference among the studied schools. There was a significant relationship between the schools of Nursing and Medicine, between the schools of Health and Nursing and between the schools of Medicine and Nursing.
Conclusion: Constructivist learning environment affects the performance of students in self-directedness learning.   

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ntroduction
One of the basic goals in regional planning and sustainable development is its impact on the local community and ethnic groups, so that if the development plans are in line with the demands (economic, political and social) of the local community. This strategy can play a significant role in strengthening convergence, security and sustainable development at the local and national levels. The main purpose of the current research is to investigate the most important regional requirements in regional development with a focus on the development of Chabahar port. The research shows that the category of regional development in strategic areas cannot be achieved without taking into account the regional requirements and its internal space which lead to the realization of development goals, that is, promotion of security, development and convergence at the local and national level.
                                                                      Methodology
Data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings methods. The concepts were repeated and the subsequent samples did not contain new information. Qualitative method of analysis is used to analyze the data using grounded theory. The interviews were carefully coded, classified, analyzed and interpreted in several stages.
Results and discussion
One of the main factors of the presence of regionalist tendencies in the southeast region and the lack of government attention to solve the existing challenges of the people is the dominance of the security view over other views of governance. Based on the analysis of research findings and interviews, the basic preconditions in the development of Chabahar are to pay attention to strengthening the security of the region in the southeast of the country with scientific strategies and policies and in accordance with local demands and national identity. The government has a direct and fundamental role in creating regional security for the development of Chabahar. In such a way that the strategies and policy-making should lead to the creation of constructive interaction between the national government and the local community, the satisfaction of the local community, social cohesion and national convergence.
Development thinkers consider the participation of social groups in development programs and competent management for guidance and leadership as one of the most important platforms for balanced and fair development in any social system. Based on the analysis of research findings and interviews, the design of plans and policies in the development of Chabahar should promote the participation of the local community (elite chieftains, maulvis and elders, academics and educated people of the southeast) in planning and decision making.
In the current situation and the trend of population growth in Chabahar, most of the new settlements, especially in the free zone, are inhabited by non-native and prosperous people, and the more we move towards the outskirts of the city, the Baluch tribes live in poor standards of living. In the current situation, although with the establishment of Chabahar commercial-industrial free zone, capacities for development have been created, but due to the fact that this free zone lacked long-term planning and social connections from the beginning, undesirable economic, social and physical phenomena, including separation have brought social selection and unbalanced development.
Considering the location and identity of the Baluch people in the southeast region and Sistan and Baluchistan province, the separation of Makran and Chabahar regions in the form of the creation of the new Chabahar province leads to skepticism, mistrust and the reaction of elites (Majlis representatives, clerics, generals, etc.) And this situation is not in favor of the central government. This issue can lead to tension and insecurity in the southeast region and slow down the development process of Chabahar. Also, the creation of Makran province centered on the city of Chabahar and the port of Chabahar take the attention and support from the central government and absolute centralism in the long term considering the weaknesses in budget distribution, lack of goal-oriented planning and the international capacities of the Makran and Chabahar region.
Regional development programs such as Chabahar Free Zone programs have not had a serious and tangible impact in different sectors (economic, health, education and infrastructure) in Chabahar city and the region. This situation has caused various challenges such as dissatisfaction with the government, spread of informal jobs, unemployment, marginalization, etc. The regional development plans and the development of Chabahar should be designed and formulated in such a way that it leads to the promotion and progress of various sectors of the province's development (economic, health, education, sports and infrastructure).
Conclusions
The results of the research showed that the category of regional development in strategic areas and different from the main body of the government, regardless of the requirements of its internal space, especially in the cultural (ethnic-religious) dimension, cannot achieve the main goals of development, i.e. improving security, national development and survival. The development of Chabahar port, as the country's only oceanic port on the shores of the Sea of ​​Oman and the Indian Ocean is an outstanding plan in enhancing Iran's geopolitical weight at the local, national and international levels. Based on the interpretation and analysis of the research findings, the realization of Chabahar's regional development goals and the actualization of its valuable capacities require attention to its regional requirements: regional security category, regional participation category, spatial justice, political trust, balanced and network development, stability of political divisions, category of ethnic cohesion, category of infrastructural development.

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The feasibility of any policy document includes understanding the strategic environment of the document development. In such a way that by understanding the strategic environment of the document, the strategic action position as the field of document implementation should be considered in accordance with the prevailing conditions. (Vision document) is a document that expresses the idea of creating, values or a future state of a specific organisation, product or service better than today. In the field of statecraft, vision documents have played and continue to play an irreplaceable role as the basis for the implementation of policies and strategies. These documents act as a link between the ideology of governance and space, as a vital facilitator of the dynamics of the mechanism of policy and space, creating a visible and perceptible space. Vision documents, with a future-oriented view, organise future developments to best meet the current needs of societies and play an effective role in strengthening their central idea. For a developing country, the vision document is not used as a political statement, but as a tool for development planning. Given the importance of matching the geopolitical propositions of the model document with its strategic environment, this article uses a descriptive and analytical method and utilises library and field resources to examine the extent to which the geopolitical propositions of the model document matched the strategic realities of the country in the early fifteenth century.
 

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Background: Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic inhibiting most Gram-positive cocci. Shortly after taking mupirocin, drug resistance emerges. This study aimed to determine mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens in Rasht.
Materials & Methods: In this study, a total of 85 clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected. Biofilm formation ability and antibacterial resistance patterns of isolates were investigated. Disc diffusion method and MIC determination were used to determine the susceptibility of strains to mupirocin antibiotic. Agr types, the presence of mupA, and mutation in ileS-1 were evaluated in mupirocin non-susceptible isolates by PCR and PCR sequencing, respectively.
Findings: Out of 85 tested strains, 57 (67%) isolates were recognized as biofilm producers, and all of which showed multidrug resistance phenotype. Agr type 1 was the most commonly detected type. Additionally, 12 mupirocin-resistant strains were identified in the disc diffusion and MIC tests. A total of four strains were mup-A positive and showed high-level resistance. In sequencing and mutation evaluation of the ileS-1 gene in eight low-level mupirocin-resistant strains, 12 types of silent mutation and one type of missense mutation were determined.
Conclusion: The study of mupirocin-resistant strains in this study showed the need to identify factors affecting the occurrence of resistance and to take control and prevention measures before mupirocin losses its efficacy.

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The advent of new technologies is constantly evolving in today's societies, while information technology is the most effective of these activities. Since information technology can have a devastating impact on the environment, protecting the environment from these threats has added to the concerns of organizations, and as a result, the Green IT debate has become a topic of the day. Different models and methods have been used to explain the various dimensions of the maturity of green information. In this research, a dynamic model was developed to examine the relationship between components and determine the appropriate strategy to reduce energy consumption and thus increase the maturity level of green information technology in the organization. Since the banking industry is closely related to information technology, all Iranian banks have been investigated in this study. First, various components influencing the maturity of green information technology have been identified and their initial level and factors influencing their increase or decrease have been determined, then Causal loop and Stock and flow diagrams are illustrated to explain their relationships. In this regard, variables related to human factors and factors related to technology have been investigated. In the end, after testing and simulating a dynamic model, several scenarios have been proposed to improve the situation in the banking industry and to reach the highest level of maturity of green information technology. Keywords: Green Information Technology, Green Technology Maturity, System Dynamics, Banking Industry

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Dramatic and fictional literature has long been inextricably linked since language emerged as a means of communication; storytelling as a means of expressing life events and drama as a means of communicating with the world around us, have always met the most important human needs in relation to each other, and in the course of their lives, their tools and capabilities have been shared and expanded to the present. Today, the drama uses some of the features and capabilities of fiction literature and fiction literature for some drama. However, in this study we try to focus on some of the dramatic situation that Georges Poletti has identified in Thirty-Six cases to study works “Ivy” by Deledda and ²Christine and Kidd² by Hooshang Golshiri in a descriptive-analytic method to show how content subscriptions have created the dramatic capacity in two works. Accordingly, the findings of the study show that although the works of these two authors have been formed in two different schools with different coordinates, but they share the dramatic situation associated with a common theme of love and attention to human and emotional relationships. Due to Golshiri by focusing on individual dimension of relationships and deledda by focusing on the social context of the formation and development of the characters, have succeeded in creating dramatic situation in thier work

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Opinions about manifest in Persian modern and post-modern poetry discourse. Among the critics, scholars and poets of Persian modern and post-modern poetry, there are three opinions about manifest (that translate in Persian as Bayaniye). The first is texts that publish as titles like manifest, manifesto, Bayaniye and etc and Literary and artistic views are brought in them. Second, texts that publish not as titles like manifest, manifesto, Bayaniye and Etc but cause of their contents, are known among the critics as manifest of special literal current. Third, a poem or collected of poems that cause of their contents or their form are known as manifest of special poet or current. In this essay, after etymology of manifest, seven features for manifest shown, then three opinions about manifest are analyzed. Keywords Manifest, Persian modern and post-modern poetry discourse, a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

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The presence of the images in different layers of The Blind Owl of Sadeq Hedayat is one of the characteristics of this novel that makes its nonverbal analysis possible. The images with their specific characteristics are at the service of development of the story and its multi-layered signification. Analysis of these images to achieve the hidden meaning behind them, requires a scientific method to explain the connotation of the images. It seems that the visual semiotics is a practical method to decode the images of The Blind Owl. Using the visual semiotics, we analyze the images of this novel, relying on the relationship between signifier and signified and utilizing the mechanisms which consider the images like a discourse. Considering the image as a discourse is an important innovation in this research.
The Blind Owl narrates the story of an unnamed painter, the narrator, who sees the nightmares originating from a terrible crime. The narrator recounts, on the night of the crime, the story of what happened to him, and tries to recall everything and to write them. What distinguishes The Blind Owl from other literary works, is the coincidence of the narration and the images. Sometimes, the author draws and sometimes, he describes some paintings in the text. In fact, The Blind Owl is a combination of written and visual discourses, but the visual indications are more meaningful than the written indications. In this research, the main issue is to examine how the visual discourse is created in The Blind Owl, and then we consider how the image is promoted to the position of a discourse. Considering the image as a discourse is to find the answer to this fundamental question: how verbal discourse interacts with visual discourse in this work? Assuming that the visual discourse is at the service of the written discourse, the goal of this study is to analyze the metalinguistic aspects and then connoted and secret meaning of the images. In order to achieve this goal, our analysis is based on a semiotic/semantic approach. According to the linguistic theory of Roman Jakobson, the image have three levels of meaning: the apparent meaning, the implicit meaning and the codes, all three levels analyzed in detail in this study.
The results of semiotic/semantic analysis indicate that the images turns into a dominant discourse in The Blind Owl. The visual discourse in this novel work as a mirror that represent the narrator mental chaos. The visual and verbal discourse in collusion with each other, reflects the root of the tragedy in the narrator’s life. In addition to the implicit meaning of the two discourses in question, in deeper layers, the codes are also considerable to find the secret meaning to this novel. These codes that appear in two visual and verbal discourses, reflect the relationship between the personal world of the narrator and the world of myth.
 

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This study examined the effect of metalinguistic feedback and revision on the accuracy of the regular and irregular simple past tense. To this end, 56 Azari-Turkish learners of English participated in a quasi-experimental study. The study lasted for 7 sessions. In session one, a proficiency test (KET) was administered to all learners. The learners in 4 classes were randomly assigned as a metalinguistic explanation (ME) group (N = 13), a metalinguistic explanation plus revision (R) group (N = 17), a revision group (N = 14), and a control group (N = 12). To get assurance as to the initial homogeneity of groups involved in terms of the dependent variable (i.e., past tense command), a pretest was administered. The feedback treatment was performed for 4 sessions. In each session all individuals were required to write a 150-word text in 20 min. All texts drafted in each session were returned to the same individuals with varying comments in line with the condition defined for each group. The texts produced by the control group were not manipulated. Finally, all learners took a post-test and completed an attitude questionnaire to assess their attitude towards the treatment. The results indicated that the metalinguistic explanation plus revision group outperformed the other groups significantly in the accurate use of the past tense. English teachers are advised to spare enough time to provide appropriate feedback along the writing tasks of Iranian learners of English.