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Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract

Narratives have many layers of meaning. These semantic layers encompass intra-discourse systems and represent their changes and developments. Eric Landowski sought to achieve the missing links of meaning in narrative contexts by designing semantic systems. Contexts that show discourse and narrative actions. According to Landowski's four semantic systems, which are emphasized in this study, namely, the system of "abyss and spinning ", it is possible to decipher the signs in the text and the relationship between these signs and each other and the author's worldview. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to achieve subtle and coherent layers of meaning in the novel Symphony of the Dead by Abbas Maroufi. Given the mastery of the author in creating works with the fluid flow of the mind in this study, we aim to show how the subjects are intertwined with the world around them and as they are opening up, their emotions and to some extent their destiny to another spreads. Also, by analyzing the abyss system, we come to the point that the subject cannot shape his own destiny alone, and after he finds himself incapable, he is forced to accept what luck has for him.
 

Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract

Trissolcus vassilievi (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is one of the most important egg parasitoids of the common sunn pest (CSP), Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) in Iran. In this study, the fitness of two populations of T. vassilievi was studied on two populations of hosts in terms of life history parameters. Two populations of T. vassilievi were selected: 1/ Tabriz (as a temperate area), and 2/ Varamin (as a subtropical area), as well as for CSP. Moreover, regarding that outcrossing between populations can produce progeny with superior characteristics, the progeny of reciprocal crosses between original populations also were examined on a single host. The crosses between the two populations caused 13.9-18.5% higher net fecundity than maternal populations which suggests fecundity to be a function of maternal phenotype. The intrinsic rate of increase showed minor differences among treatments which varied between 0.291±0.003 to 0.305±0.003. The partial advantage of the Varamin wasps over the Tabriz ones and the crosses over the original populations was obvious. Such differences may be used to obtain more efficient parasitoids in augmentation programs.
 

Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract

The aim of the upcoming research is to study aspects of the problem of implicit meaning that show that the language indexes this meaning to express it. Therefore, the issues that have been reviewed here should be considered, in the first place, as a means to develop sensitivity to the extraordinary subtleties of language to process this meaning that, in our hypothesis, can only be properly understood if we return to it its inherent dynamism and follow the path of its evolution for each utterance exclusively. After that, the obtained results gave us the opportunity to improve some of the past opinions and help advance the discussions in this field. Our reading of the topic and the results of the analyzes strengthened our belief that commenting on implied meaning, regardless of the process of its production, will be mixed with a kind of dogmatism, the abolition of which depends on acknowledging the role that has the explicit meaning in this, because in our opinion, the explicit and implicit meanings are not separate and independent from each other. So, during the discussion, we have tried to include in the analysis the variables that change from one utterance to another and from one context to another and may be ignored, so that we can remain relativistic despite our orientations that are manifested in a set of new definitions.The results of the analyzes indicated this fact that language condenses meaning ...

Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of organic pollutants, have been observed to exert deleterious effects on plant growth and various physiological processes. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of phenanthrene (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, some antioxidant enzymes, and some biochemical compounds of the maize plant were investigated. The experiments were conducted as pot cultures of plants under controlled conditions using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for each treatment. Increasing phenanthrene concentration reduced all studied growth parameters and significantly increased photosynthetic pigment contents. Phenanthrene led to the increase in catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities in the roots but in shoots, only the peroxidase activity was increased. Moreover, higher phenanthrene concentrations were associated with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, coupled with a marked reduction in soluble sugar content in both shoot and root tissues (p<0.05). Also, increase in phenanthrene concentration in the shoots decreased the total phenol and flavonoid contents compared to anthocyanin. Phenanthrene treatment led to a significant reduction in the concentrations of lauric acid, meric acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid in maize shoots. In conclusion, it seems that high concentrations of phenanthrene induce oxidative stress in the maize, and plants improve their enzymatic antioxidant system to moderate the stress condition. In addition, damage of cell membranes by phenanthrene leads to weakening of plants root system as well as disordering in water and nutrient uptake and finally reduction in the plant growth.
 

Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract

Controlling insect pests through nano-based formulation of chemicals is one of the newly applied methods in IPM programs; however, the probable side impacts of nano-pesticides on non-target organisms need to be evaluated. In this study, deltamethrin and matrine were encapsulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chitosan (Cs), respectively, and their toxicity were investigated against Habrabracon hebetor Say using the contact method. According to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spherical nanoparticles for both formulations were observed. The average hydrodynamic nanoparticle diameters for deltamethrin and matrine were 65 and 70.5 nm. The LC50 values were 254.48, 334.90, 760.31 and 1021 mg L-1 in PEG-encapsulated deltamethrin, commercial deltamethrin, Cs-encapsulated matrine, and commercial matrine, respectively. Exposing to the LC30 of the commercial and nano-encapsulated deltamethrin significantly prolonged the total pre-adult period. The adults of H. hebetor in PEG-encapsulated deltamethrin treatment had the lowest longevity compared to other treatments and control. Furthermore, the sublethal exposure to the PEG-based nanoformulation of deltamethrin and commercial deltamethrin resulted in a significant reduction of the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) (0.159 and 0.168 day-1, respectively). Same trend was observed for the gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (R0), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the parsitoid. Our findings indicate that the negative side effects of commercial and nano-based formulations of deltamethrin on H. hebetor should be considered in IPM programs.
 

Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract

Aim and Introduction
Achieving sustained and long-term economic growth necessitates the optimal allocation and utilization of resources at the national level. This goal relies heavily on the existence of efficient financial markets, particularly well-functioning and extensive capital markets. Numerous macroeconomic variables can influence the level of risk associated with shareholder rights, corporate cash flows, and adjusted discount rates. Additionally, changes in economic conditions can alter both the quantity and nature of investment opportunities.
However, establishing a fixed and consistent relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock price indices remains challenging. The complex and dynamic nature of financial markets makes it difficult to identify a method that accurately reflects economic conditions and captures the most critical influencing variables. Therefore, this study employs machine learning models to identify the key macroeconomic factors affecting stock price indices.
Methodology
Feature selection is one of the most common and crucial techniques in data preprocessing and serves as an essential component of machine learning. This study employs feature selection models to identify the most relevant predictors of the stock price index. The models utilized include the random forest method and regularized linear regression. To examine the nature of the relationships between variables, the jointness method was applied. Additionally, the mutual information analysis was conducted to assess the influence of key variables over different decades, enabling a deeper understanding of how the impact of macroeconomic factors on stock prices has evolved over time.
Findings
The study analyzed the impact of selected macroeconomic variables on stock price indices, focusing on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The findings from the Random Forest (RF) and Regularized Linear Regression (RLR) models indicate that exchange rates, financial development, inflation, economic growth, trade openness, and global uncertainty significantly influence Iran’s stock price index. The results demonstrate that global uncertainty, interest rates, and trade openness exert negative effects on stock prices, whereas the other variables positively influence stock prices.
The jointness method was employed to analyze the relationships between these variables, further confirming their significance. Moreover, the Mutual Information method was used to examine how the influence of these key variables varied across different decades.
Discussion and Conclusion
Among the variables examined, exchange rates, financial development, inflation, economic growth, trade openness, and global uncertainty emerged as the most significant factors influencing Iran’s stock price index. This finding is not surprising, given Iran’s historical experience with significant exchange rate fluctuations and persistent inflationary pressures. Global uncertainty has consistently influenced domestic markets in Iran due to political and economic instability. Previous research has highlighted the complex relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and stock price indices (Ratanapakorn & Sharma, 2007). Scholars have argued that the relationship between stock prices and exchange rates can significantly affect monetary and fiscal policy, as a recessionary stock market can reduce overall demand and impact broader economic performance.
Extensive research has also investigated the relationship between inflation and stock prices, identifying inflation as a significant factor affecting stock indices

(Boudoukh & Richardson, 1993; Fama & Schwert, 1977; Jaffe & Mandelker, 1976) . While some studies have reported a positive correlation between inflation and stock prices, others have found a negative relationship.
Moreover, trade openness has been recognized as a key factor influencing stock market fluctuations. Open economies are more vulnerable to external shocks due to increased global risk-sharing among markets. Although some studies have not found conclusive evidence of a direct effect between trade openness and stock prices, trade openness remains one of the influential factors (Nickmansh, 2016).
Stock prices reflect the present value of future cash flows, which are subject to two main effects: cash flow changes driven by increased production and interest rates, which serve as a discount factor. Stock prices tend to decline when expected cash flows decrease or interest rates rise. The level of actual economic activity directly influences cash flows, as higher economic activity generally leads to increased cash flow. Among the various indicators used to predict commodity markets, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered the most comprehensive measure of economic activity (Yuhasin, 2011; Christopher et al., 2006).


mouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_1','_com_1')">Finally, global uncertainty plays a significant role in shaping the internal economic environment of countries, making it an important global macroeconomic variable that influences the performance of publicly traded companies on the stock exchange.
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Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract

Biochar reduces composting issues and improves compost quality. However, activated biochar (AB) and its size are often overlooked. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) with different-sized biochar and AB on the quality of the resulting co-compost. The MSW were mixed thoroughly with different-sized (B2-4mm, B1-2mm and B0.5-1mm) and activated biochars (H2SO4-AB0.5-1mm and NaOH-AB0.5-1mm) and co-composted for 90 days until compost maturity. The results revealed that the activation of biochar with NaOH and H2SO4 caused the appearance of a mesh structure on the biochar surface, leading to improved stability and maturity, enhanced biodegradation and humification indices. Specifically, NaOH-AB (5%, w/w) showed the highest temperature (71.5°C), germination index (130.9%), and total nitrogen content (1.37%) and the longest thermophilic period (7 days). The highest organic matter content (OM) (37.9%) and the lowest electrical conductivity (7.4 dS/m) were recorded in B1-2mm (10%, w/w). Furthermore, the lowest nitrate concentration (254.4 mg/kg) and the highest C/N ratio (18.1) were achieved in H2SO4-AB (10%). Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the critical role of the C/N ratio and OM content during the composting. The study recommends the addition of biochar to MSW to achieve an appropriate C/N ratio and prevent nitrogen loss. Overall, incorporating NaOH- and H2SO4-activated biochars was found to be a valuable strategy for the composting of municipal solid wastes and the findings provide valuable insights into the potential of biochar in optimizing the composting process.

 

Volume 0, Issue 0 (in press 2024)
Abstract

Foothills, plains, alluvial areas, and sloping areas whose soil is geologically susceptible to landslides, can become unstable and dangerous. In Iran, because of their soil type, Mazandaran, Gilan, Lorestan, Golestan and Khuzestan provinces are more vulnerable to landslides than other provinces. But taking into account factors such as earthquakes, extreme weather, and human interference, other parts of the country can also be prone to landslides. In case of rainfall and absorption of water by clay layers, the possibility of landslides increases. If the slope of the land is suitable, the slope will move on the clay layer and the thrust will occur downwards. In many mountains and steep areas, the conditions for slope failure may be available in terms of the slope angle, the type of soil and the presence of clay layers. But in the absence of sufficient soil moisture, this phenomenon is not observed. Landslides occur whenever rainfall happens and water penetrates the clay layer. Cutting down forest trees, destroying vegetation and pastures, along with possible rainfall and soil moisture, cam cause landslides on steep slopes. In fact, land use changes contribute to landslides. By examining the statistics over the last three decades in the northern provinces of Iran, it can be seen that landslides were far less likely when there was proper vegetation. The occurrence of heavy rains can cause failure in a large number of soil slopes. During these heavy rainfalls, the underground water level rises and increases the pore water pressure and reduces the stability of the soil. The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in pore water pressure and the factor of safety for slope stability. The flow of water inside the soil is numerically modeled as a two-dimensional, saturated-unsaturated, unsteady flow. The finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the pore water pressure and the limit equilibrium method is used to determine the factor of safety for slope stability. To simulate the unsteady flow, time duration of 4 days is used with a time step of 0.1 days. The rainfall duration was assumed to be 24 hours. The intensities of different rainfalls are used as the input flux on the soil surface. The soil moisture curve, which shows the relationship between suction-moisture content and suction-hydraulic conductivity, is used. The results show that different rainfall intensities have different effects on soil moisture profile. As the intensity of precipitation increase, the factor of safety of slope stability decreases. This decrease is steeper for the first 24 hours of rainfall and over the three days after the rain stopped, its slope decreased. For example, for a rainfall intensity of 2.04 mm/hour and the duration of one day, resulted in a factor of safety of slope stability equal to 1.853, and at the end of the fourth day, it was 1.743. In other words, the factor of safety decreased by 5.9%.
 

Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract

Aim and Introduction
Asset bubbles arise when the prices of assets – such as real estate or stocks –significantly exceed their intrinsic value due to excessive speculation and investor euphoria. These bubbles are typically characterized by rapid price escalations that become disconnected from fundamental economic indicators, driven more by market psychology than by real economic value. Although asset bubbles may generate short-term economic benefits, they pose serious risks to financial stability, as their eventual collapse often results in sharp market corrections, financial crises, and broader economic downturns.
Monetary policy, primarily executed by central banks, plays a critical role in influencing macroeconomic conditions through liquidity management, credit accessibility, and interest rate adjustments. On the one hand, expansionary monetary policies—characterized by low interest rates and increased liquidity—can stimulate speculative investment and contribute to the formation of asset bubbles. On the other hand, central banks can use contractionary policies—such as raising interest rates or reducing liquidity—to dampen excessive market exuberance and promote financial stability.
The complex relationship between asset bubbles and monetary policy underscores a significant challenge for economists and policymakers, who must balance the goals of economic growth and financial stability. A nuanced understanding of this relationship is crucial for designing effective regulatory frameworks and policy interventions capable of mitigating harmful boom-and-bust cycles and fostering sustainable economic development.
Methodology
This study examines stock market bubbles and the influence of monetary policy in five D-8 countries, Iran, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Egypt, over the period 2009–2023. Two key analytical approaches are employed:
Log-Periodic Power Law Singularity with Confidence Interval (LPPLS-CI) for detecting stock price bubbles, and
  1. Panel Vector Autoregression (P-VAR) for assessing the dynamic impact of monetary policy variables.
The LPPLS-CI model enhances traditional LPPLS techniques by incorporating confidence intervals, thus improving the accuracy and robustness of bubble detection. This model identifies unsustainable asset price growth and log-periodic oscillations—signals typically preceding bubble collapses. Its predictive capacity offers early warning signals that are valuable for financial market monitoring.
To evaluate the effects of monetary policy on these bubbles, the study employs the P-VAR model. This econometric framework captures interdependencies between multiple time-series variables—including stock prices, interest rates, inflation, and liquidity—by analyzing their lagged interactions. This comprehensive approach facilitates a dynamic understanding of how monetary policy decisions shape speculative trends and bubble formation. The effectiveness of this analysis depends on key methodological considerations, including appropriate model specification, lag length selection, and rigorous validation techniques.
Results and Discussion
The LPPLS-CI analysis confirms the presence of stock price bubbles across various time scales (short-, medium-, and long-term) in the selected countries throughout the 2009–2023 period. These bubbles were characterized by rapid price increases fueled by speculative behavior and optimistic market sentiment, ultimately followed by sharp corrections.
The P-VAR results demonstrated that high inflation, increased liquidity, and low interest rates were key contributors to bubble formation. These conditions encouraged capital inflows into financial markets, driving up stock prices beyond sustainable levels. However, as monetary policy conditions tightened or external economic shocks emerged, these bubbles burst, resulting in significant financial losses and increased market volatility.
The findings underscore the dual nature of monetary policy: while accommodative policies can promote growth and investment, they also risk inflating asset bubbles. The study emphasizes the need for balanced and proactive policy responses to prevent systemic instability. Regulatory oversight, timely monetary adjustments, and enhanced early warning mechanisms are crucial in minimizing the risks associated with speculative excesses.
Conclusion
Monetary policy in the examined D-8 countries significantly influences the formation and trajectory of stock market bubbles. Expansionary policies may exacerbate bubbles, leading to financial shocks, economic contractions, and capital flight when the bubbles burst. The study underscores the imperative for central banks in emerging markets to carefully manage accurate interest rates, control inflation, and stabilize liquidity to safeguard financial markets.

Key components of monetary policy affecting asset bubbles include:
  1. Interest Rates: Low rates can stimulate borrowing and speculation, while higher rates can curb overheating but may suppress growth.
  2. Quantitative Easing (QE): Although QE enhances liquidity and asset values, prolonged implementation can fuel speculative bubbles.
To prevent crises, Policy recommendations include:
  1. Regulatory Oversight: Strengthen financial regulations to enhance transparency and mitigate systemic risks.
  2. Macroprudential Tools: Implement counter-cyclical capital buffers and risk-weighted asset requirements.
  3. Monetary Policy Adjustments: Implement forward guidance and timely rate changes to manage expectations.
  4. Early Warning Systems: Monitor key financial indicators to detect signs of market overheating.
  5. Investment Diversification: Encourage asset diversification to reduce systemic exposure.
Implementing these strategies can help minimize the occurrence and adverse consequences of asset bubbles, contributing to more resilient financial systems and sustainable economic growth in the D-8 member countries.


Volume 0, Issue 0 (in press 2024)
Abstract

In order to facilitate the release of floods from the dams and to prevent their damage or collapse, a structure called a spillway is used. Due to the natural and variable flow of the input to the reservoirs of the dams, there are times when the river inflow exceeds the consumption amount in the downstream agricultural lands. In these cases, excess water is discharged over the crest of the weir and flows towards the spillway, which causes high velocities. This high velocity creates low pressure areas on the spillway concrete surface, which can cause major damage to the spillway or even endanger the integrity of the dam structure. Therefore, the dam spillway must safely dissipate the kinetic energy. One of the types of weirs is the stepped spillway to facilitate the passage of the flow over the dams. One of the most obvious practical features of stepped spillways compared to other spillways is the considerable energy dissipation along the spillway. Care should be taken in designing and selecting the type of spillway to prevent potential erosion and reduce kinetic energy as the water flow passes over the spillway. One possible solution is to use a stepped spillway instead of a smooth spillway. In this study, a numeral model of a stepped spillway with different steps and slopes is used. For this purpose, ANSYS software is used for modeling free surface with application of k-ε turbulence model. In the present study, numerical simulation using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model was used to investigate the mixing phenomenon of two phases of air and water of the free surface flow. The flow field was continued until the residuals reached 10-7. Compared to simpler models such as Mixture, which operates solely on the basis of averaging the properties of two phases, the VOF model, is separating the phases and considering the effects of the interface. The VOF model, is capable of more accurate simulation of phenomena such as fluid mixing, turbulent flows, and heat transfer in multiphase flows. A number of hydraulic specifications which are considered in designing the stepped spillways are the pressure on the surface of the steps, velocity distribution and energy dissipation. The results from the numerical models were compared with experimental studies. They showed acceptable agreement with physical simulations. Results show that discharge and spillway slope increment reduces the amount of energy loss. In the spillway with 5 steps, for a discharge of 0.063 m3/s, the amount of energy dissipation at a slope of 26.6 degrees changes from 85 to 82% at a slope of 45 degrees, which shows a decrease of 3%. With the increase in discharge, the flow depth increases and reduces the effect of the roughness of the steps on the upper layers of the flow. Increasing the height of the steps increases the rate of energy dissipation and also increases the occurrence of negative pressures in stepped spillway. In this case, the contact surface between the main flow and the eddy currents increases. With the increase in the height of the steps, the dimensions of the rotating vortices also increase and cause a larger radius of rotation on the steps. The presence of these large rotating vortices separates the flow from the bottom of the steps and reduces the pressure on the surfaces. The number and dimensions of steps can alter the energy dissipation rate. Increase in the number of steps in a spillway with constant height, reduces the energy loss as the result of steps dimensions being shrunk

Volume 0, Issue 0 (in press 2024)
Abstract

The design of earthquake-resistant structures and the reduction of damages caused by them have always been considered. One of the ways to reduce earthquake vibrations in steel frames is to use cable braces. In addition, one of the ways to improve the behavior of the structure against seismic loads is the use of dampers. In this research, magnetorheological damper and cable brace are used simultaneously. To check the effectiveness of the proposed system, four steel frames including, a steel frame without cables and dampers, a steel frame with cable braces, a steel frame with magnetorheological dampers and, a steel frame with cable braces along with magnetorheological dampers, which have one-span and two spans, were selected and the behavior of this frame Assuming different conditions, under nonlinear static lateral load and seismic loads, it has been checked in SAP2000 software. By examining the results obtained from the nonlinear static analysis of the case of a one span, it is concluded that the steel frame with cable brace and magnetorheological damper reduces the lateral displacement of the frame and often the internal forces of the beam and column more than other frames. gives by examining the results of the time-history dynamic analysis of one-span and two-span conditions, it is concluded that the proposed system reduces the lateral displacement of the frame and the internal forces of the beam and column more than other frames in most of the investigated earthquakes. In other words, using the proposed systems improves the performance of the structure against lateral loads.

 

Volume 0, Issue 0 (in press 2024)
Abstract

The significant wave height is a critical parameter in the design and analysis of marine structures, as well as in their operational use. Consequently, predicting this parameter greatly contributes to improving the design and analysis of marine structures. Various modeling approaches for wave characteristics include numerical, empirical, and artificial intelligence models. This study employs the SWAN model, which is a third-generation model for the simulation and estimation of wave characteristics. Furthermore, soft computing models, including individual and hybrid artificial intelligence models such as Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Emotional Artificial Neural Networks (EANN), have been utilized for wave height prediction, using data from the Amirabad buoy for validation purposes. In this research, the model inputs consist of wind speed, while the outputs are the wave heights. The analysis of the different models was carried out using statistical metrics, including bias, root mean square error, coefficient of variation, and coefficient of determination. The evaluation of the models using these statistics indicates an acceptable agreement between the significant wave heights estimated by the SWAN model and the buoy data. Additionally, each of the three artificial intelligence models mentioned demonstrates a relatively accurate capability in predicting wave height. A comparison of the results from the artificial intelligence models revealed that the Support Vector Machine model exhibited higher accuracy than the others. The Support Vector Machine model serves as an alternative method to the SWAN model or other numerical techniques, enhancing modeling outcomes when wave height data is unavailable or lacks the necessary statistical quality.
 

Volume 1, Issue 1 ((Articles in Persian) 2010)
Abstract



Volume 1, Issue 1 (9-2015)
Abstract

A new species of oak gallwasp, Andricus synophri (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) is described from Iran. Data on the diagnosis, distribution and biology of the new species are given. This species is known only from asexual females and induces galls on the twigs of Quercus brantii and Q. libani. Galls aremultilocular, develop on lateral buds of young branches. According to its morphology, Andricus synophri belongs to a large group of 12 Andricus species, the “Adleria non-kollari” group.

Volume 1, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract

Background: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an lgA mediated small vessel systemic vasculitis disease in children. The etiology and pathogenesis of HSP disease remain unknown. However, environmental and genetic risk factors could play important roles in susceptibility to HSP disease. In this study we investigated the association of 5՛-untranslated region polymorphism (-634G/C) of VEGF gene with HSP among Iranian Azeri Turkish population. Methods: Thirty unrelated Iranian Azeri Turkish children with HSP and fifty healthy unrelated subjects without HSP and other inflammatory diseases were enrolled in this population. -634G/C polymorphism of VEGF gene was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) technique. Results: The distribution of CC genotype in VEGF -634G/C polymorphism statistically showed a significant difference in HSP patients in compare to that of control group (P= 0.009). Conclusions: The CC genotype of VEGF -634G/C polymorphism could be associated with susceptibility to HSP disease in Iranian Azeri Turkish ethnic group.

Volume 1, Issue 2 (12-2015)
Abstract

Grass flies of the subfamily Chloropinae were studied in the Shabestar region, East Azerbaijan province- Iran, during 2013–2014. As a result, 26 species belonging to 12 genera were identified of which one genus and three species are as new records for the insect fauna of Iran: Phyladelphus Becker, 1910; Lagaroceras curtum Sabrosky, 1961; Neohaplegis glabra (Duda, 1933) and Phyladelphus thalhammeri, Becker 1910.

Volume 1, Issue 2 (12-2015)
Abstract

The studied specimens of the family Asilidae collected from various locations of East Azerbaijan province during 2011-2014. Nine genera and thirteen species of the family Asilidae are recognized. Two species Antipalus varipes (Meigen, 1820), Engelopogon goedli (Loew, 1854) are reported as new records to the Iranian fauna.

Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract

Background: Immunological factors are important in pregnancy loss because of the interaction between mother and fetus. T-regulatory cells as the component of humeral immune response play important role in the fetu-maternal interface. One of the regulatory mechanisms for these cells is mediated by antigen independent co-stimulatory signals and interaction of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (B7/CTLA-4) is one of these signals. The CTLA-4 which down regulates the activation and proliferation of T-cells occurs in a competitive interaction with CD28 to bind to B7. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of CTLA-4 +49A/G gene with Recurrent Miscarriage in a group of Iranian women. Methods: In the present study, 60 women with the history of two or more pregnancy loss were selected and considered as the case group. A group of women (n=60) with at least two live births without any previous history of pregnancy loss and autoimmune diseases were taken as control group. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using standard protocols. The CTLA-4 +49 A/G were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms assay. Results: The results showed that CTLA-4 +49 A/G polymorphisms were not significantly different in women with the history of two or more pregnancy loss compared to normal individuals. The frequency of G-allele polymorphism was 39.16% and 35.83% in patients and controls respectively. Conclusions: The data presented may suggest that the CTLA-4 is not associated with recurrent miscarriage in an Iranian population in Northwest region.

Volume 1, Issue 4 (Fall 2023)
Abstract

Since in recent decades the world population increased, it causes to ascend the municipal solid waste (MSW) production. Therefore, to manage this and control its damages that affect the environment, some applied techniques are needed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the techniques used in this research for selecting and arranging one or more scenario. The presented scenarios were composting, incineration, landfilling and recycling which were chosen by considering their implementation in the case study site.  Each scenario was analyzed in terms of ten environmental indicators that include abiotic depletion potential, ozone layer depletion potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, fresh water toxicity potential, marine toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation and eutrophication. The employed software for this analysis was Simapro. Results indicated that the landfilling scenario had the highest pollution ratio in eight environmental indicators and after that, the incineration scenario was the most polluting in two ozone layer depletion potential and global warming potential indicators. Recycling was the best scenario in point of lowest effects on global warming potential and human toxicity potential indicators. Composting was the scenario that had the lowest footprint on seven environmental indicators in comparison to other scenarios. In addition, this scenario showed the lowest environmental pollution burden in ozone layer depletion potential among all indicators. In general, according to the findings of this study, composting scenario is recognized as an appropriate method for municipal solid waste management in Urmia metropolis of Iran.
 

Volume 2, Issue 1 (Issue 1 (Tome 2)- 2012)
Abstract

Nowadays the urban growth pattern of cities is growing dramatically; and current suburbs of cities will form the inseparable components of the main city in the near future. In all cities of world vertical and horizontal urban growth have been one of the most important factors noticed by urban managers and planners. Urban growth is a spatial - structural process that refers to the increased importance of towns and cities as a concentration of population within a particular economy and society. Increase in urban points as quantitative issue shows itself in the forms of increase in population of cities and development in built up area scale. The unorganized physical growth of cities is due to their physical discrete and separate development which is mostly in form of forming individual and separate parts. Hence, analysis of the current physical status, and prediction of the future development of cities due to its influence on the politics and management of city and human resources, is of great importance. Regarding the numerous factors affecting the inharmonic physical urban growth, the present article has investigated the rate of urban horizontal growth from two aspects of area and direction.The research method in this article is analytical- comparative and with respect to the evolution of the physical- spatial pattern of Tabriz metropolitan in the 1956-2006 period. Shannon’s Entropy model is utilized for evaluation of the rate of the urban horizontal growth diversity. In order to use this model first we draw the complete and detailed plan of Tabriz city in concentric buffers with width of one kilometer between years 1956-2006 using Auto Cad software and the physical gravity center of Tabriz city which is the same center of cultural- historical part has been considered as basis for buffering modulation, and Sectoral- Geographical model is used for specification of urban growth directions. . In the next phase center of city gravity has drawn in the form of circle with determined diameter and the center of this circle was considered as basis for modulation of geographical sectors and sectoral buffering in 12 geographic directions. The attained results of analyzing the research findings has shown that the sprawl growth and diversity of inharmonic development has occurred in Tabriz metropolitan. The maximum of this rate has happened on the year 1996 and directions of horizontal urban growth are completely coincided on the margins of main connection corridors of city.

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