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Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Many theories and models of economic growth have identified capital as one of the most important drivers and determinants of economic growth and development. For years, it was believed that abundant natural resources, as part of a country’s capital, constituted a divine blessing, as they could be converted into other forms of capital and contribute to overall economic development. Consequently, countries rich in natural resources were expected to perform better economically than those without such resources. However, over time, particularly after World War II, empirical evidence revealed that most resource-rich countries performed poorly compared to resource-poor countries.
some empirical studies have highlighted a positive relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth. Stijns (2001), using an alternative variable from Sachs and Warner (1995) to measure resource abundance, found no evidence of the detrimental effect of natural resources on economic growth. Lederman and Maloney (2003) also reported a positive relationship between resource abundance (measured by net resource exports per worker) and economic growth.
Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian (2003) contended that the relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth loses statistical significance once institutional quality is accounted for. They suggested that the effect of natural resources depends on the type of resource, indicating that fuel and mineral resources negatively affect institutions (and thus economic growth), whereas the relationship between economic growth and other types of resources is not statistically significant. Similarly, Papyrakis and Gerlagh (2004) demonstrated that when variables such as corruption, investment, degree of freedom, terms of trade, and education are controlled and managed, the abundance of natural resources would have a positive effect on economic growth.
Thus, it can be concluded that not all resource-rich countries have experienced poor economic performance or economic decline. In certain cases, the optimal utilization of abundant resources has led to significant economic growth and increased per capita income.
Economic growth remains the primary goal of all economies, as it is directly linked to maximizing societal welfare. Economic growth encompasses increased utilization of inputs, improved productivity of production factors, and enhanced employment opportunities. Natural resources are among the most crucial sources of production in any country. According to growth and development theories, as well as international trade theories, these resources can provide a comparative advantage for an economy. Income generated from natural resource abundance can create national wealth, spur economic progress, increase societal welfare, and reduce poverty. In this regard, mineral resources are considered a key factor in accelerating investment and economic growth.
Methodology
This study examines the economic growth patterns of Iran and a group of mineral-rich countries from 2000 to 2020. A panel data method was employed to estimate and evaluate the results, considering the similarities between the selected countries and Iran in terms of mineral resource abundance.
In the research process, the final variables and the functional form of the model were identified, and data processing, analysis, and model estimation were conducted using Stata software. The data used in the study were collected from official sources, including the Central Bank, the Statistical Center of Iran, and the Ministry of Industry, Mine, and Trade. Additionally, for data on other countries, international sources such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) STAN database were utilized.
Findings
The study investigated the direct and indirect effects of natural resource abundance on economic growth through channels such as physical capital accumulation, research and development (R&D) investment in technology, labor, financial development, and economic freedom across three groups of countries. The first group includes countries with both mineral resources and oil, the second group consists of countries with only minerals, and the third group comprises countries with only oil resources. The generalized fixed effects model was selected as the final model for all three groups. According to the results:
The results suggest that the hypothesis of natural resource abundance positively influencing economic growth is supported for the first and second groups of countries. However, this hypothesis is not confirmed for the third group, which includes Iran.
The findings underscore that the impact of natural resources on economic growth is contingent upon various factors, including the type of resource, the quality of institutions, and the effectiveness of economic and governance policies. While some resource-rich countries have successfully translated their natural wealth into economic prosperity, others, including Iran, have faced challenges in maximizing the economic benefits of their natural resources.
Many theories and models of economic growth have identified capital as one of the most important drivers and determinants of economic growth and development. For years, it was believed that abundant natural resources, as part of a country’s capital, constituted a divine blessing, as they could be converted into other forms of capital and contribute to overall economic development. Consequently, countries rich in natural resources were expected to perform better economically than those without such resources. However, over time, particularly after World War II, empirical evidence revealed that most resource-rich countries performed poorly compared to resource-poor countries.
some empirical studies have highlighted a positive relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth. Stijns (2001), using an alternative variable from Sachs and Warner (1995) to measure resource abundance, found no evidence of the detrimental effect of natural resources on economic growth. Lederman and Maloney (2003) also reported a positive relationship between resource abundance (measured by net resource exports per worker) and economic growth.
Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian (2003) contended that the relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth loses statistical significance once institutional quality is accounted for. They suggested that the effect of natural resources depends on the type of resource, indicating that fuel and mineral resources negatively affect institutions (and thus economic growth), whereas the relationship between economic growth and other types of resources is not statistically significant. Similarly, Papyrakis and Gerlagh (2004) demonstrated that when variables such as corruption, investment, degree of freedom, terms of trade, and education are controlled and managed, the abundance of natural resources would have a positive effect on economic growth.
Thus, it can be concluded that not all resource-rich countries have experienced poor economic performance or economic decline. In certain cases, the optimal utilization of abundant resources has led to significant economic growth and increased per capita income.
Economic growth remains the primary goal of all economies, as it is directly linked to maximizing societal welfare. Economic growth encompasses increased utilization of inputs, improved productivity of production factors, and enhanced employment opportunities. Natural resources are among the most crucial sources of production in any country. According to growth and development theories, as well as international trade theories, these resources can provide a comparative advantage for an economy. Income generated from natural resource abundance can create national wealth, spur economic progress, increase societal welfare, and reduce poverty. In this regard, mineral resources are considered a key factor in accelerating investment and economic growth.
Methodology
This study examines the economic growth patterns of Iran and a group of mineral-rich countries from 2000 to 2020. A panel data method was employed to estimate and evaluate the results, considering the similarities between the selected countries and Iran in terms of mineral resource abundance.
In the research process, the final variables and the functional form of the model were identified, and data processing, analysis, and model estimation were conducted using Stata software. The data used in the study were collected from official sources, including the Central Bank, the Statistical Center of Iran, and the Ministry of Industry, Mine, and Trade. Additionally, for data on other countries, international sources such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) STAN database were utilized.
Findings
The study investigated the direct and indirect effects of natural resource abundance on economic growth through channels such as physical capital accumulation, research and development (R&D) investment in technology, labor, financial development, and economic freedom across three groups of countries. The first group includes countries with both mineral resources and oil, the second group consists of countries with only minerals, and the third group comprises countries with only oil resources. The generalized fixed effects model was selected as the final model for all three groups. According to the results:
- The share of mineral resources in exports was significant and positive for the first and second groups of countries, whereas it was significant and negative for the third group, which includes Iran.
- The share of oil and gas resources in exports was significant and positive for the first group of countries, but it had a significant negative impact for the third group.
- The unemployment rate had a significant negative relationship with per capita income across all groups.
- The total factor productivity index was positive and significant for all groups, positively influencing per capita income.
- Research and development expenditures had a significant positive effect on per capita income across all groups.
- The economic openness index was significant for all groups, positively affecting per capita income.
- The institutional quality index was significant for all groups, positively influencing per capita income.
- The net foreign direct investment variable was significant for the second group but had a negative effect.
The results suggest that the hypothesis of natural resource abundance positively influencing economic growth is supported for the first and second groups of countries. However, this hypothesis is not confirmed for the third group, which includes Iran.
The findings underscore that the impact of natural resources on economic growth is contingent upon various factors, including the type of resource, the quality of institutions, and the effectiveness of economic and governance policies. While some resource-rich countries have successfully translated their natural wealth into economic prosperity, others, including Iran, have faced challenges in maximizing the economic benefits of their natural resources.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The need to address reading skills in language teaching is important because it is related to the other three skills (listening, speaking and writing) and ultimately affects the main goal of language teaching, which is the ability to create effective communication. Now, given the presence of all mobile phones and laptops, questions arise, to what extent are electronic opportunities included in the educational content of the Russian language in Iran? Аanswering this question, as well as analyzing questionnaires with eleven main questions regarding the inclusion of new technologies, cultural topics, playing with proverbs and other issues raised in the teaching content of the reading lesson, as well as questions about whether such materials are included in the reading textbook or not, we came to the conclusion that there is an acute lack of new technologies and other things in the educational content of reading. Therefore, the authors of this study propose new ideas in the educational content of reading to solve existing problems and improve the educational process of teaching reading in Russian at the undergraduate level.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Giles, Goat-Boy is a black comedy to bite everyone. Embodied in a postmodern fabulation, Barth’s sense of humor allows him to create a political allegory on any structure of power that claims to save humanity. GILES, a hybrid of a machine and a goat, is tasked with the mission to lead the so-called academic society through instrumental intellect. But he can only go so far as not to create a conflict of interest between the ruling powers. The pattern used in creating Giles is an imitation of the classic patterns in creation and journey of a hero, except that Giles is destined to appear as a scapegoat against the positivist Sphinx of Time. Such an approach begs the main question of the research: How ideological systems sacrifice their heroes to secure their interests? This hypothesis is also in line with Frankfurt School’s critical theory, which considers the capitalist system to be a violation of freedom and social values. The intellectuals such as Horkheimer and Adorno consider man to be a victim of objectification and alienation arising from social and political conflicts. They also believe that hegemonic systems have humiliated man with false pleasures. Just as Giles fails to reform the most powerful ruling system, WESCAC, so Barth symbolically paints a bleak picture of human destiny in modern society today. The purpose of the research is to raise human awareness about the harsh laws that are the ominous products of instrumental intellect, as one of the defining elements of capitalist system.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
In this study, 30 mental states were suggested to 50 theatre actors. They designed a specific physical form for each mental state. In this process, 2000 images from actors’ gestures were collected. Images was surveyed by 321 accidental audiences; and among all images, images achieving the highest rate were selected. Reliability and validity of selected images were evaluated by a software designing for mind-reading's test though body. This study achieved its results mentioned below through preparation, design, implementation, analysis, record of results of a mind-reading’s test.
According to statistical results, the body has an ability to convey the mental state. We can figure out individuals’ mental states through body forms. Based on Baron-Cohen’s study, 30 body forms were determined. The relation between mind-reading through body and eyes was analyzed. Selected images for designing a mind-reading’s test through body were identified, and its reliability and validity were confirmed.
In this study, the first archive of images representing mental states through actors’ bodies has been designed and prepared. In comparison to men, women have a better function in understanding of mental states. Furthermore, bodies can represent mental states better than eyes.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
In the Persian language, which follows the SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) word order, the interrogative complement or prepositional object usually appears after the object in the focal position. However, it is possible to move this phrase to other positions within the sentence. The aim of this study is to investigate the processing of interrogative complement displacement in Persian using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) based on Friederici's syntactic processing model. This study focuses on the central-parietal region of the brain, specifically the N400 and P600 components, which, according to Friederici's language processing model (1995), examine the filler-gap dependency structure and the mental representation of these phrases. Four different positions of the interrogative complement in Persian were examined, and 50 sentences were constructed for each condition.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Given the status of English as the world lingua franca, speakers of many world languages are increasingly coming into contact with the language and incorporate features of the English language into their own native languages. The influence has been made more diffusive by the emergence of and rapid growth in technological innovations, especially the social media. Persian has borrowed a variety of English lexical words, prompting this study to explore a set of such borrowed words that have been integrated into the Persian language. These loanwords were subsequently combined with the host grammatical elements to create innovative compound verbs. In the majority of instances, the borrowed English constituents in these verbs have distinctly different meanings from their original English counterparts. This research examines the type of the semantic change that has occurred in the English words after they were borrowed into Persian and how frequent each type of change is. Hollmann's (2009) taxonomy of semantic change was utilized to achieve the purposes of this research. The results revealed that the most frequent semantic shift was through metaphor, with semantic narrowing and pejoration being the second and third most frequent types of semantic change. The least frequent types of semantic change were metonymy, broadening, and melioration.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Economic and social instability, insecurity, and poor governance significantly increase transaction costs and investment risks while reducing incentives for productive economic activities. Institutional conditions and the political environment are fundamental factors influencing economic growth, as they affect the motivations of economic agents and thereby influence investment decisions, production organization, and overall economic performance. Macroeconomic instability, as an undesirable phenomenon, imposes both economic and social costs on society. Its persistence disturbs the national economic structure and diminishes household welfare by undermining financial security and increasing economic uncertainty.
Furthermore, effective economic policy-making and national development planning require a comprehensive understanding of the economy’s formal and informal sectors. The informal or underground economy includes activities outside the scope of official oversight, such as unregistered income, tax evasion, and operations beyond legal, social, and economic regulations. These activities are typically excluded from official GDP calculations but represent a significant share of economic production.
Modern definitions of economic growth encompass not only increases in GDP but also broader improvements in societal economic well-being. Notably, economic production occurs in both formal and informal sectors; thus, a thorough analysis of both is essential for developing effective and inclusive growth strategies. This study aims to evaluate the influence of political and economic risk, instability, and governance quality on both sectors of Iran’s economy over the period 1370–1401 (1991–2022). To achieve this, relevant indices were constructed to measure risk and instability in economic, financial, and social domains, as well as Iran’s governance performance, with the goal of identifying key determinants of formal sector strengthening and informal sector reduction.
Methodology
This research employs an endogenous growth model to investigate the factors influencing economic growth in Iran. Data on the underground economy are drawn from estimates produced using the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model. The methodological framework combines econometric techniques, notably Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model.
PCA is applied to construct composite indices where multiple explanatory variables are involved, particularly in capturing instability and governance indicators. ARDL is used to examine relationships among variables, given the mixed order of integration in the time series data. This dual approach enables the study to assess the impact of governance, risk, and economic instability on both the formal and informal economic sectors.
Results and Discussion
The results show that within the economic growth function, property rights and political management exert a positive influence, while economic instability and international sanctions negatively affect Iran’s economic growth. Specifically, an increase of one unit in the political management index results in a 3.0033% increase in economic growth, whereas a one-unit rise in the economic instability index leads to a 0.1935% decline in growth.
In analyzing the informal (underground) economy, the study finds that increased risk and instability, unemployment, government size, tax revenues, and sanctions all contribute to the expansion of the informal sector. Conversely, improvements in political management reduce informal economic activities. Notably, the risk and instability index shows a high impact, with a coefficient of 3.99, signifying its strong correlation with the growth of Iran’s underground economy.
Conclusion
Improved political management enhances formal economic activity while suppressing informal sector expansion. Specifically, advancements in governance indicators—such as political participation, accountability, and rule of law—help reduce the size of the underground economy and promote formal sector growth. On the other hand, economic and social instabilities, including financial market volatility, inflation, speculation, and societal insecurity, incentivize informal economic behavior, thereby undermining the formal structure of the economy.
To address these challenges, the study recommends implementing comprehensive governance and economic reforms. On the governance side, strategies should include corruption control, enhanced oversight, legal enforcement, public trust-building, and increased legitimacy of political institutions. On the economic front, stabilizing inflation, exchange rates, and market speculation—as well as improving social cohesion through targeted policies—can mitigate the growth of informal economic activities. A balanced, multi-pronged approach will foster sustainable economic development and enhance the resilience of Iran’s formal economy.
Economic and social instability, insecurity, and poor governance significantly increase transaction costs and investment risks while reducing incentives for productive economic activities. Institutional conditions and the political environment are fundamental factors influencing economic growth, as they affect the motivations of economic agents and thereby influence investment decisions, production organization, and overall economic performance. Macroeconomic instability, as an undesirable phenomenon, imposes both economic and social costs on society. Its persistence disturbs the national economic structure and diminishes household welfare by undermining financial security and increasing economic uncertainty.
Furthermore, effective economic policy-making and national development planning require a comprehensive understanding of the economy’s formal and informal sectors. The informal or underground economy includes activities outside the scope of official oversight, such as unregistered income, tax evasion, and operations beyond legal, social, and economic regulations. These activities are typically excluded from official GDP calculations but represent a significant share of economic production.
Modern definitions of economic growth encompass not only increases in GDP but also broader improvements in societal economic well-being. Notably, economic production occurs in both formal and informal sectors; thus, a thorough analysis of both is essential for developing effective and inclusive growth strategies. This study aims to evaluate the influence of political and economic risk, instability, and governance quality on both sectors of Iran’s economy over the period 1370–1401 (1991–2022). To achieve this, relevant indices were constructed to measure risk and instability in economic, financial, and social domains, as well as Iran’s governance performance, with the goal of identifying key determinants of formal sector strengthening and informal sector reduction.
Methodology
This research employs an endogenous growth model to investigate the factors influencing economic growth in Iran. Data on the underground economy are drawn from estimates produced using the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model. The methodological framework combines econometric techniques, notably Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model.
PCA is applied to construct composite indices where multiple explanatory variables are involved, particularly in capturing instability and governance indicators. ARDL is used to examine relationships among variables, given the mixed order of integration in the time series data. This dual approach enables the study to assess the impact of governance, risk, and economic instability on both the formal and informal economic sectors.
Results and Discussion
The results show that within the economic growth function, property rights and political management exert a positive influence, while economic instability and international sanctions negatively affect Iran’s economic growth. Specifically, an increase of one unit in the political management index results in a 3.0033% increase in economic growth, whereas a one-unit rise in the economic instability index leads to a 0.1935% decline in growth.
In analyzing the informal (underground) economy, the study finds that increased risk and instability, unemployment, government size, tax revenues, and sanctions all contribute to the expansion of the informal sector. Conversely, improvements in political management reduce informal economic activities. Notably, the risk and instability index shows a high impact, with a coefficient of 3.99, signifying its strong correlation with the growth of Iran’s underground economy.
Conclusion
Improved political management enhances formal economic activity while suppressing informal sector expansion. Specifically, advancements in governance indicators—such as political participation, accountability, and rule of law—help reduce the size of the underground economy and promote formal sector growth. On the other hand, economic and social instabilities, including financial market volatility, inflation, speculation, and societal insecurity, incentivize informal economic behavior, thereby undermining the formal structure of the economy.
To address these challenges, the study recommends implementing comprehensive governance and economic reforms. On the governance side, strategies should include corruption control, enhanced oversight, legal enforcement, public trust-building, and increased legitimacy of political institutions. On the economic front, stabilizing inflation, exchange rates, and market speculation—as well as improving social cohesion through targeted policies—can mitigate the growth of informal economic activities. A balanced, multi-pronged approach will foster sustainable economic development and enhance the resilience of Iran’s formal economy.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
The present study addresses the topic of relative clause extraposition in German. Relative clause extraposition occurs when a relative clause is displaced from its original position, which in German is immediately following the head noun, to the end of the main clause. This research aims to examine the reasons and conditions for the extraposition of relative clauses in German. It also seeks to demonstrate whether lexical elements, such as prepositional modifiers situated between the head noun and the relative clause, are used similarly in written and spoken language. The hypothesis of this study emphasizes two points: first, if the relative clause contains dense information, in other words, if the number of words used in the relative clause exceeds a certain limit, the relative clause tends to be extraposed from its original position. Second, the tendency for relative clause extraposition is greater in spoken language than in written language. The results of this study show that the dependents of the head noun differ in relative clauses in written and spoken language. It was also observed that relative clause extraposition is common in both forms; however, the number of words in the relative clause does not play a role in its extraposition.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
This research aims to study the effect of the internal aspect of the language in the development of the perception of meanings and its function in the translation process and to study the role of reminiscence and association of the translator's prior knowledge of meanings when choosing an equivalent in translation. However, in translation, only one of its semes will be able to manifest itself. But, when evaluating the equivalents chosen in literary translation, we sometimes encounter cases that indicate that the translator has gone beyond the usual vocabulary related to the semantic field of this word. The fundamental question is: in these cases, the question of choosing an equivalent is based on which intralinguistic factors and which elements of the language influence this choice? So, based on the opinions of Humboldt, Erdmann, and Gauker regarding the dimensions of language and the translator's thinking, a semantic study of the equivalents selected in three Persian translations of André Gide's novel Strait is the Gate was conducted. This comparative study demonstrates the translator's transition from the external to the internal domain of language to represent secondary meanings. Accordingly, although the translator can traverse the internal aspect of language thanks to his cultural and literary knowledge, to convey the semantic idea and figurative meaning that resides in the word in the source language, he needs a connection between his linguistic knowledge in the source language and his postulationist conception in the target language.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (12-2010)
Abstract
We present a method to predict the flexible and rigid regions based on sequence. We use the free energy of two consequent amino acids to define a factor for distinguishing flexible regions from the rigid ones. Using statistical analysis of this free energy, we assign a normalized number between zero to one hundred which we call it flexibility number. Taking the effects of up to four neighbors of an amino acid, into account, resulted in an efficient prediction of flexible and rigid regions of a protein.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (spring 2020)
Abstract
Based on the mental health comprehensive plan of development expression in 2015, mental disorders owned the second place of illnesses in Iran and residents of urban areas are the majority of the groups that most had been suffering from mental disorders. Therefore, urban living is a risk factor for residents’ mental health. While the issue of mental health and health is finding an acceptable place in urban design knowledge in global research, only in the last few years this study field has been considered in Iran with respect to the physical aspect of health and the psychological dimension of health remains neglected. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between mental health and urban environment and to propose a conceptual framework aimed at promoting mental health through urban design. In the present qualitative study, the data collection is done through desk study of related valuable scientific papers, and qualitative content analysis is used to extract the urban design qualities related to mental health. The validity of conceptual framework is done through interviews with experts in the fields of urban design and psychology, and completing the questionnaire and data analysis has been done using descriptive statistics. The results show that qualities such as "safety and security", "access to green-blue space", "permeability and walkability", "public realm quality", "place attachment", and "environmental cleanliness" in the substantive dimension and "social interaction and engagement" in the procedural dimension are related to residents’ mental health.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (spring 2020)
Abstract
According to the development of Tehran and the joint of many rural contexts surrounding it, urban-rural contexts with special ecological and social conditions constitute a major part of Tehran. While the ecological and social qualities of these contexts are exposed to destruction, on the other hand, urban facilities and services are not properly received. The dominance of ecological, physical, social, and economic problems in these contexts requires the comprehensive plan to sustainable urban regeneration. This study aims to formulate the conceptual framework for sustainable urban regeneration in order to improve the quality of life and solving (social, economic, and environmental) problems in these contexts. Also, in order to make an equilibrium between development and environmental conservation and attention to the ecological nature of urban-rural contexts, the green network approach has been chosen to formulate the conceptual framework. This study is based on library studies, through qualitative content analysis on sustainable urban regeneration and green network, sustainable urban regeneration goals and green network design policies have been extracted. In conceptual framework, green network has been used as tools to create identity and sense of place, local economy, linkage and connections, multiple functions, placemaking and spatial arrangement of public and green space, climate compatible development, ecological integrity for landscape, compatible design with environment in multi-level of urban, neighborhood, green network and components of green network.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (spring 2020)
Abstract
Aims: The border areas are the most deprived ones due to their remoteness from the capital and marginality. Therefore, border development is essential. This development can be realized through establishment of custom and border marketplaces, which will provide convenient shopping and leisure facilities, along with other infrastructures for importing and exporting goods, as well as entrance and departure of passengers. The goal of the present study was to develop a conceptual model for designing customs and border marketplaces.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative study has been conducted in two steps. In the first step, the design qualities of border marketplaces were extracted based on theoretical literature and were evaluated by a semi-structured interview with 10 participants by using snowball methods. In the next step, the theoretical model was developed by a questionnaire, based on the principles of the Delphi method with the help of 10 experts in the field of design sciences.
Findings: The results indicate that some approaches such as urban tourism, passive defense, city branding, and urban design are effective in developing the border areas.
Conclusion: A conceptual model including economic, social, legal and physical dimensions with an emphasize on some principles such as passive defense, accessibility, variety, inclusiveness, vitality, infrastructures, legibility, identity and local architecture, context-museum, sustainability, visual character, continuity and coherence, compatibility with nature and environmental cleanliness, can be used by urban planners and designers in the development of border areas.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative study has been conducted in two steps. In the first step, the design qualities of border marketplaces were extracted based on theoretical literature and were evaluated by a semi-structured interview with 10 participants by using snowball methods. In the next step, the theoretical model was developed by a questionnaire, based on the principles of the Delphi method with the help of 10 experts in the field of design sciences.
Findings: The results indicate that some approaches such as urban tourism, passive defense, city branding, and urban design are effective in developing the border areas.
Conclusion: A conceptual model including economic, social, legal and physical dimensions with an emphasize on some principles such as passive defense, accessibility, variety, inclusiveness, vitality, infrastructures, legibility, identity and local architecture, context-museum, sustainability, visual character, continuity and coherence, compatibility with nature and environmental cleanliness, can be used by urban planners and designers in the development of border areas.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
This article highlights some Islamic jurisprudential (fiqhī) principles which require reduction and restriction of death penalty. According to this article, in Islamic view the permissibility of capital punishment is very limited and narrow. Minimalistic approach to capital punishment includes fixed punishment (had), just retaliation (qisās) and discretionary punishment (ta’zir). The article also studies some procedural factors, which in their turn, result in the reduction of the numbers of capital punishment. Of them is proportionality between the epistemic value of the evidence and the content it is supposed to prove. The necessity of observing humane considerations in the performance of death penalty, in a few cases in which it is permitted, is also briefly discussed. In other words, performance of death penalty should be with the lowest level of pain when it is permitted.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (spring 2020)
Abstract
Almost all western theorists in the field of urban studies pointed to urban vitality in their books and articles. Also, vitality is a fashionable word in the lexicon of urbanism in Iran, but in fact, it received little support from urban planners, urban designers, and geographers. During the years of confrontation with western achievements and modernism in Iran, people experience the incorrect manner of using imported terms, theories and inventions. Urban vitality is another example of such experiences, and the exact meaning and position of vitality in Iranian urban contexts is still unclear. There are lots of articles and projects focusing on urban vitality without clarifying the situation on which people can pursue vitality for an urban context. In the present study, the meaning and position for urban vitality, and the misuses of this concept in Iranian urban contexts is discussed.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
The present work is a comparative study of Aristotelian and narrative dramas with reference to “Oedipus Rex” by Sophocles and “Mother Courage and Her Children” by Bertolt Brecht. The basics of Aristotelian drama come from Aristotle’s Poetics, which was considered as an undisputed tradition in drama until the eighteenth century. The aim of this dramatic tradition is catharsis, which is achieved through pity, fear and empathy in the audience. Among the other main principles of Aristotelian drama are the observance of the three units: dramatic climax and peripetia, and the first and the last moments of excitement. The narrative drama is based on Bertolt Brecht's non-Aristotelian theories in drama. Brecht believes that we must create a critical distance from daily events through alienation so that the audience can reconsider them and develop a critical view. The duality of the actor's role, the inconsistency between the actor's thought and action, time leaps, musical interruptions of the story, strong lightening on the stage, a half-empty stage with a half open curtain, the use of titles at the beginning of the scenes, and putting placards that free the audience from illusions are some of the alienation techniques used in Mother Courage and Her Children. Aristotelian drama emphasizes the unity of sequences and coherence of events, and considers the play as a whole, which aims at involving the audience wholeheartedly and making the audience identifies himself with the hero of the play. In contrast, narrative drama is a montage of single scenes, which causes pauses in the play. In this type of drama, the audiences, because of frequent interruptions, does not get involved in the play, gets distance from the scenes, and is persuaded to critically view the play, present solutions, and make decisions. In sum, the fundamental difference between these two types of drama lies in the effect they have on the audience. In this work, an attempt has been made to discuss the major difference between Aristotelian and narrative dramas with a number of examples taken from Oedipus Rex and Mother Courage and Her Children.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
Human's knowledge in each era and regarding the paradigm of that era divides the knowledge into different categories. One of these categories, which was identified in the 19th century, is the field of comparative sciences. This kind of knowledge, having specific properties, separates itself from comparative studies and different types of pure knowledge. This research is to study comparative sciences and particularly their philosophy of existence. Unfortunately the scientific society in Iran lacks such macro-approach. Not having a general view is one of the disadvantages of studying comparative sciences like comparative literature or comparative art. This research investigates a general view about this kind of sciences and their genesis.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (NO. 2- 2009)
Abstract
The identity of a society is a tool for distinguishing different nations from each other based on a common concept or predetermined concepts. The strong sense of identity can be considered as a social capital. In addition, social capital and social identity are the result of tangible social relationships, which are understandable by the society. They Also have strong affects on each other. With respect to this relationship, this paper verifies the relationship between identity and social capital. The data were gathered from the world values data of 70 countries according to the definitions of the variables. The results by logistic regression showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social identity and social capital.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
Aims: Urban spatial planning may be defined as the spatial planning in the geographical location of the city, based on the approach of providing the needs of inhabitants within the geographic spaces, following the recreation of the roles and functions of urban elements. By planning identity signs in urban spaces, it is meant to make the safety and security of the city sustainable. By identifying the emotional, psychological, and educational needs of citizens, visual discipline is created; by planning the identity signs of city’s index and planning the signs, vitality is created for citizens; and in completion, with city architecture, facade and urban landscape will be managed in such a way that the citizens' mental and objective needs are met. Given the role of signs in the city, the question of this study is in what situations, will signs meet the need for security and self-awareness of the inhabitants? In what situations, are vitality and beauty transmitted to the citizens and affect the city's atmosphere? Applying a descriptive-analytical method and using library studies as well as available documents, this study examined the planning of urban signs to achieve the main function of the sign.
Conclusion: Signs in urban spaces with appropriate planning can have positive effects and meet citizens' needs for self-awareness, security, education, etc. In this regard, convergence should be created among decision makers, urban managers, and culture, community, economics, politics, and geography of the urban space of citizens.