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Rhetorical questions are those that, according to time and local condition, have a function, beyond rhe gaining awareness and information. In addition to having an interrogative structure, these sentences imply another meaning as the secondary meaning. But in some cases, according to a special textual context, the existence of one or more weak implicit meaning or meanings between the semantic superstructure in rhetorical questions and main implicit meaning, can be proved and caught. These weak implicit meanings can neither be ignored nor be considered as the main secondary meaning. Based upon that, the problem which is stated in this research is that, with regarding to the possibility of catching such implicit meaning(s) from rhetorical questions , what is the nature and statuse of these additional implicit questions? And assuming acceptance of their existence, whether the production of meaning in rhetorical questions is still instantly? or according to the proposed theory in this research, the production meaning approach in rhetorical questions includes some processes and levels?
The approach of this research is analytic-applied approach and case study in some poems of prominant persian poets that there is a positinal stop in the structure of these poems. The results of this research reveals that , based on the author's prediction, the production of meaning in rhetorical questions has a process approach with three levels, in which, a second meaning layer is produced between superstructure and main implicit meaning (third semantic layer), that can be named as mediator semantic layer.

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The Historical Ashura books are historical reflections of the Ashura event and they are expressed in the form of narration. The application of new theories of literary criticism in the analysis of historical provides a better understanding of the narrative context of these works. The purpose of this study is to introduce an unknown Ashura historical book and its narratology from Todorov's point of view. This article tries to examine the syntactic level of narration in the book Sar-e-Asrar in a descriptive-analytical way. So that narratives better illustrates the narrative structure of such works. Todorov's narrative analysis is one of the most prominent structuralist approaches that deals with manifestations such as syntactic representation. According to the findings of the research, the narration with its developments, propositions, etc., which show the syntactic manifestation of the narration, has advanced the design of the narration. In terms of linguistic structure, the murder is based on the traits and actions of the characters. From a syntactic point of view; It has ten basic enhancements that include a minor enhancement. According to the findings of the research, the narration with its developments, propositions, etc., which show the syntactic manifestation of the narration, has advanced the design of the narration. In terms of linguistic structure, the book is based on the traits and actions of the characters. From a syntactic point of view; It has ten basic enhancements that include a minor enhancement. Descriptive and present propositions have emerged side by side with various narrative aspects...

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Ayat al-ahkam of prayer are verses in which divine commands about prayer are in the form of prescriptive discourse; But the point that is raised about such verses is that despite the rule of prescriptive discourse on them, in many of these verses, the actor is one of the components of inductive discourse (encouragement, threat, etc.) has also used; For this reason, in this research, it is the question of what function the inductive discourses have in these verses, and despite them, what kind of discourse structure does this category of commandment verses have? In this research, which was carried out with the analytical and applied method and based on the semiotic-semantics approach of Garmes, an attempt has been made to examine the 17 verses of the Qur'an, which are known as the commandments of prayer, from the point of view of prescriptive and inductive discourse, in order to determine how their discourse structure is. And the function of inductive discourses should also be clarified in these verses; The findings of this research show that the inductive discourses used in addition to the prescriptive discourse are anti-discourses that have provided semantic support to the performance of the prescriptive action by the actors in two ways, and their presence has created a unified system of prescription and induction in these verses. Is.

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A bench scale aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was evaluated in terms of its potential to treat synthetic dairy wastewater. The 2-l plexiglass bioreactor was supplied with oxygen via a fine bubble air diffuser, fed with synthetic dairy wastewater under various operational conditions. To analyze the process, three significant independent variables — influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and aeration time — were assessed. Three dependent process and quality parameters (as process responses) were also evaluated: total COD removal efficiency, sludge volume index (SVI) and final pH. The experiments were based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The treatment was limited to the following concentration regimes: COD (1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/l), MLVSS (3000, 5000 and 7000 mg/l) and aeration time (2, 10 and 18 h). Maximum COD removal efficiency (of 96.5%) was obtained for an influent with the following characteristics: CODin: 3000 mg/l, MLVSS 5000 mg/l, and aeration time of 18 h. The study demonstrated the capability of aerobic SBRs for high COD removal from dairy industrial wastewater. Easy operation, low cost, and minimal sludge bulking condition were some of advantages of the SBR system as an option for biological treatment of medium-strength industrial wastewater. The present study provides valuable information about relationships between quality and process parameters for different values of operating variables.

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Abstract The aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemnai Viereck and A. matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) have high potential as the most effective biological control agents for controlling the cotton aphis Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this investigation, the effect of five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on the reproductive parameters was studied at 65 ±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L: 8 D hours In this study, the newly laid (one- day old) eggs were reared on third instar nymphs of cotton aphid, and the pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids were recorded daily, until the last individual was found dead. The experiments were carried out with 15 replications at each temperature. The results revealed that the gross fecundity and fertility rates were significantly different at all tested temperatures for both species (P

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Since most of the stories narrated in Shahname relates to the period after the rise and development of Zoroastrianism, the natural effects of the new religion on these stories, has made some readers imagine that Ferdowsi has had a kind of inclination to this ancient religion of Iran.
This article, by criticizing the mentioned idea, through studying the very text of Shahname, clearly shows that Ferdowsi has not been, but a true moslem.
 

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The relationship between Iran and Africa has had a long history including various aspects specially cultural issues. Their relationship, despite its ups and downs, has continued to work. The cultural relationship between the two countries has undergone many changes. These transformations have occurred both in Iran, Africa as well as the whole world. This study intends to examine and evaluate this era and the nature of these relations before and after Islamic revolution in Iran. The main question raised in this regard is that considering the good historical back ground, what has been the orientation of Iran's foreign policy in these periods? Studies point out that the relations between Iran and African countries affected by domestic or international approaches have had ups and downs. Apparently, during Pahlavi's regime, in spite of some measures taken to establish relations with African countries, these relations didn't have coherent policy and the relations with the North African countries has had more priorities over relations with sub-Saharan countries. Moreover, Iran’s relations with some countries such as the Apartheid government, or its military and financial support for some governments have provoked skepticism towards Iran among the other African countries, and has led to the cut off of the relations with Iran. However, victory of the revolution in Iran created a new development in relations with Africa, and considering  the approaches and goals of this revolution, relations with Africa has been placed in the highest foreign policies of IRI. Although, even in this age, these relationships have  gone under lots of  ups and downs  at the time of the ruling of    various governments in IRI.
 

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As great Persian Jurists in East Muslim world in the formation and propagation of various Islamic sects involved, in the West muslim world and Afriqia of the generation of Khorasani immigrants grew great Jurists and The establishment and spread of the Islamic religions, especially the religion of Hanafi and Maliki contributed. Resources and translation and stories in books and the works of many Persian Jurists come,and Most names with the suffix "Alfarsy" are mentioned. In fact, the titles indicating their origin and being Iranian, That are distinguished with others. This article seeks to explain the real role and status in shaping and promoting the Islamic religious by Persian Jurists in the Africaia. Relying on library sources and with a historical approach and descriptive method, efforts will be made to clarify the contribution and influence of Iranian scientists and scholars in the expansion and growth of Islamic religions in the Islamic Maghreb, especially in the African region.

 

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The genus Phaeoacremonium is associated with decline disease of woody plants and with human infections. Members of this genus have broad host range and wide geographical distribution. During 2010, ten isolates of Phaeoacremonium were recovered from vascular tissues of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) trees, showing decline symptoms in Shiraz city. Anamorphic characteristics such as, conidiophore morphology, phialide type and shape, size of hyphal warts, conidial size and shape were investigated. Based on morphological characteristics the presence of Pm. rubrigenum in Iran was documented. To confirm morphological identification, DNA was extracted from isolates using a genomic DNA purification Kit. Region of internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S genes of rDNA were amplified using ITS4 and ITS1 universal primer set. Fragments of 630 bp were recovered from PCR, purified, sequenced, edited and deposited in GenBank. Pm. rubrigenum isolates had an average of 99 % identity with all P. rubrigenum sequences compared. This species is a new report from Iran.  

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Proverb is one of the most known feature to investigate of eco-culture for every native. Kurdish people one of the most vast of iranian people which it's culture so enrich to cultural studies. Ilam one of the kurdish city which has very important features to studing in this field. Kurdish language is of different dialects, however it is of some commonalities from the view point of proverbs. This study wants to investigate Kurdish proverbs rhetorically via a descriptive study to find that these proverbs are of imaginative power or not and which one of literary devices are of more frequency. By investigating ilami-kurdi proverbs the study found that proverbs are of high rhetoric power and this is because of imaginative power of speakers. The deep structure of most of proverbs are based on simile. The study also found that the prerequisite to the understanding of some literary devices like symbol is familiarity with cultural norms.

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This study was conducted to choose the best species for plantation on a poor drainage soil in southern coast of Caspian Sea, Iran. Nutrient concentrations in live and senescent leaves and soil properties were compared among Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey (N-fixing tree), Populus deltoides­ Marsh. (Non N-fixing tree)and Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (Coniferous tree) plantations. In each of these plantations and an adjacent natural forest, six 20×20m plots have been selected according to a 100m × 100m randomly systematic grid. Leaf samples of green trees were collected from the bottom one-third of the tree crown by clipping two small twigs located on opposite sides of the crown (six representative trees were sampled in each plot). Senescence leaves have been collected inside wooden trap-based in each stand. Results revealed different effects of species on soil nutrients. Alnus subcordata increased soil N (%) whereas Populus deltoides­ and Taxodium distichum reduced it.The results of nutrition, litter quality, retranslocation and soil properties indicated that Alnus improve soil quality in comparison with the two others.

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This study investigated the relationship between coaches' leadership style and satisfying the basic psychological needs of the premier-league male Kabaddi players. The statistical population includes all premier-league male kabeddi players' (144 male). Two questionnaires on coaches' leadership styles (LSS) and satisfying basic psychological needs were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and classify the data. Multi-variable regression was used to estimate the value and function of the independent variable on the dependent variable and complementary analysis. Structural equations (SEM) were used for modeling the parameter and trial analysis using LISREL software. Results show that coaches' leadership styles directly affect satisfying basic psychological needs. In conclusion, we suggest that coaches provide players' needs through positive interpersonal relationships, involving them in decision-making and motivating them to achieve desirable performance.

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The present paper concentrates on four critical editions of The Boostan compiled by  sa’di . The writer tries to compare and contrast Dr. Gholamhosein Yoosofi’s edition with those of Soodi , Dr. Mohammad Khazaeli and Dr. Anzabi nejad _ Ghara baghloo . Then , he interprets the poems and discusses the documentation of some vocabularies .

 

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A specimen of an ascomycetous fungus collected during a field trip was identified as Gymnoascus Baran. Soil samples collected from 0-20 cm depth were studied for isolation of fungi using a soil dilution plate method. Based on the morphological and molecular characters the specimens were identified as Gymnoascus reesii. Genomic DNA was extracted and a nuclear rDNA region, containing the internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S gene of rDNA (ITS) were amplified and PCR products were sequenced. Amplicon was purified, sequenced and submitted to the GenBank (Acc. No. JQ387570-71). The resulting sequence (600 bp) was submitted to a BLAST search to find most similar sequences in GenBank. The search results showed highest similarity of Iranian isolates to other isolates of G. reesii from GenBank. In the light of literature on ascomycetous fungi, Gymnoascus Baran is a new record for Iran mycoflora. The specimens are kept in fungal collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

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A survey was conducted to identify the fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Kermanshah province (west of Iran) during 2010-2011. The specimens were collected from nine different localities. Adults were reared from the fruiting bodies of Agaric fungi. Five species are recorded for the first time from Iran: Mycetophila strigatoides (Lundrock), Allodia ornaticollis (Meigen), Rymosia pseudocretensis Burghele-Balacesco, Synplasta gracilis (Winnertz) and Sciophila eryngii Chandler. Eight host associations (gnats-fungi) are also reported for the first time. The diagnostic characters, host range and geographical distribution of each species are given.  

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The purpose of the study was to identify and prioritize the educational needs and support needed by agricultural extension agents in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. The target population for the study consisted of S3 agricultural extension agents in Isfahan province. Census population were used therefore, sampling procedures were not utilized and genera I izability of the results was limited to study population. Results indicate the five most highly ranked items on educational needs of extension agents were: extension philosophy, instructional technology, innovation and adoption process, adult education, and extension methods. Respondents indicated that the major support needed were availability of subject matter specialists to help them with their technical and communication methods.

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While comparative literature knowledge expanded beyond the European borders toward the Arabian lands, it found many for and against among the Arab critics. Some appreciated comparative literature in order to enrich the  national literature and culture (including conversation, friendship, recognizing and understanding others), and some were doubtful about it; they believed that it is a European-based approach in comparative literature as well as the western naturalism aiming to westernize Islamic-Arabian thoughts, and is the threshold of novice (cultural) colonialism. Drawing on a descriptive-analytic approach, this theoretical research tries to do a deep and accurate analysis of the second critical group. The main findings comment on the group of critics on the damages of comparative literature in identity and culture, who believe that comparative literature suffers from Europeanism, and cultural racism.