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Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract

Language teacher professional identity refers to each individual’s understanding of their identity, helping them prepare for their professional lives and is affected by different factors. This study thus explored the reasons why language teachers chose this profession, their perceptions of the notion of language teacher professional identity (LTPI), the influential factors in the formation or change of professional identity, and the contribution of communities of practice. A 37-item questionnaire along with five open-ended questions was developed and administered to 109 English language teachers studying Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST). The outcome of the study revealed that language teachers perceived their professional identity mostly related to students, self-knowledge and awareness, and practice into knowledge. They stated that students, context, and disciplinary knowledge could greatly cause constant change in the progression and formation of professional identity. The research could shed more light into the improvement of language teachers’ professional development and teacher education programs.

Volume 0, Issue 0 (in press 2024)
Abstract

Climate change has become one of humanity's greatest challenges. Rising temperatures, weather fluctuations, and especially changes in precipitation and wind patterns have profound impacts on infrastructure and urban structures. These changes not only increase the risk of natural disasters but also affect the design and construction of buildings. Therefore, the development of innovative solutions to enhance the seismic performance and resilience of these buildings, especially in regions susceptible to climate change, is crucial. This study examines the performance of an 8-story steel structure with geometric irregularity in its plan against the effects of climate change, focusing on wind loading under three different wind speed increase scenarios including:1-low 2-moderate, and 3-severe. To mitigate the negative effects of these changes on the seismic performance of the structure, magnetorheological damper was employed. The entire floor slabs of the structure were considered rigid. The modified Bouc-Wen method was used to indicate damper behavior in dynamic equations of the structure and two control scenarios including passive control and active control were considered. NatHaz online wind simulator data base was used for modeling wind loading on structure and the Simulink environment of MATLAB was used to model the structure equipped with a magnetorheological damper under wind loading. 
The results indicated that a slight increase in wind speed led to an average increase of 35%, while a moderate increase resulted in over 60%, and a severe increase in wind speed caused more than a 100% rise in maximum displacement, drift, and base shear responses of structure. By adding magnetorheological damper to improve the negative effects of increased wind speed on the seismic performance of the structure, the damper was able to reduce the maximum displacement, drift, and base shear of the floor where it was installed by 14%, 32%, and 38% respectively in scenario (1), by 16%, 40%, and 32% respectively in scenario (2), and by 8%, 28%, and 29% respectively in scenario (3). This indicates that the damper effectively controlled the response of the floor it is installed on and was able to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. Furthermore, this damper not only positively affected the floor it was installed on but also improved the seismic response of the roof level, maintaining its effectiveness across all three climate change scenarios. Additionally, the results indicated that the damper performs better in active control mode compared to passive mode. However, the parameters related to maximum acceleration of the floor indicates a significant increase in the active control scenario, while in the passive control scenario, no significant changes were observed. The best results were achieved in the low and moderate wind speed increase scenarios. Although in the severe wind speed increase scenario, the damper maintained its effective performance. In conclusion, it can be said that the force generated by the magnetorheological damper has intelligent adjustability, which can change based on environmental conditions and loading. This feature allows structures to respond more quickly to sudden environmental changes and provides greater safety against damage caused by climatic conditions as well as enhancing the resilience of structures against adverse weather conditions.
 

Volume 2, Issue 1 (4-2002)
Abstract

In this paper, some applications of the Method of Least Squares (MLS) for the solution of various problems in electromagnetics engineering is briefly reviewed. Here, MLS is employed for the solution of various problems such as solution of equations, curve fitting to measured data, generalized Fourier coefficients, linear operator equations, inegro-differential equations, electrostatics and magnetostatics problems, boundary value problems (by the Least Square Boundary Residual Method LSBRM), design of impedance transformers and matching by step and tapered lines, optimum design of multihole directional couplers, coupled-line couplers, branch line couplers, ring couplers, analysis of wire antennas, antenna pattern synthesis, array synthesis and scattering. In this study, it becomes clear that MLS can be applied to devise effective numerical algorithms for the analysis and design of problems in the subject areas of radiation, scattering, antennas, microwaves, engineering mathematic, etc. Some papers and books published in the area of MLS applications for the analysis and design of problems in electromagnetics engineering are grouped and presented in references.

Volume 2, Issue 2 (Issue 2 (Tome 3)- 2012)
Abstract

Earthquake is one of the major natural hazards which specifically makes cities of developing countries more vulnerable to probable earthquakes in comparison to developed countries. Tehran as the biggest and most populated city of Iran due to the active faults in the vicinity of it and its high population and constructional density has great vulnerability to probable earthquakes. The territory of Accessibility Network has a significant role in earthquake vulnerability reduction, so if the Accessibility Network can be ordered according to standard principal of urban planning, the vulnerability can be decreased. To obtain this purpose the environmental assessment is the basis element and there are lots of different methods and techniques. Present paper with emphasis to the studies in the observed field(Located in the 6th district of Tehran Municipality) and the presented conceptual framework, which is a composition of Analytical Hierarchy Process, Fuzzy logic, Network Analyst and Probability Function; analyses the probable vulnerability due to relevant factors to Accessibility Network in the case of earthquake.  The proposed model represents an explicit and intelligible frame based on the available information for the earthquake vulnerability assessment due to access base criteria. Using this model provides a proper and scientific basis for the accurate perception of access to these vital centers during and after probable earthquakes. The outgoing in the mode of map, chart and graph illustrate the resultant condition of parcels in the studied area. The produced vulnerability map can be used in site selections of these centers and vulnerability reduction programs by relevant organs such as Crisis Management Center, Emergency centers, Fire stations, Municipalities and etc.

Volume 2, Issue 2 (Issue 2 (Tome 3)- 2012)
Abstract

In the last decade, there has been more attention towards the assessment and improvement of construction  phase embodied energy. In addition to buildings maintenance energy, large amounts of energies are consumed in construction process which is called embodied energy. This research results from recording all types of energies used in construction phase and presenting a numerical calculation method to assess the embodied energy of area unit and also decreasing this energy to its lowest possible limit. In order to achieve the minimum embodied energy, three energy consuming phases are calculated for 1400 square meter case study; which are material embodied energy, transportation energy and erection and on-site energy. Deviation of total embodied energy for the area shows 795.14 GJ/M2 as embodied energy. This digit is a reliable benchmark for comparing these three energy consuming phases and also comparing this construction system with other ones. Total embodied energy it the result of all three parts. But analysis of them shows that it's necessary to substitute some materials with more optimized ones. The result of this substitution decreased the embodied energy to 12.75 GJ/M2 and which is about 1.6% of the first measured embodied energy.

Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2013)
Abstract

The Success of organizations and corporations depends heavily on the innovation and management of personnel's ideas and suggestions. The usability as a key indicator in assessing human resources and organizational systems can help managers to ensure higher level of performance. This paper offers a framework for assessing idea and suggestion management systems based on usability in 4 proposed systems. This descriptive and analytical study was carried out during 2012-2013 in Lorestan Gas Company. Data gathering was done using a researcher-made questionnaire and the validity of questionnaire was confirmed by academicians and practitioners and its reliability was verified through conducting a pre-test in 20 participants with a Correlation Coefficient of 0.92. Results indicate that the most usable suggestion systems has the highest participation rate and the least usable ones attracted the least suggestions from personnel.      

Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract

  Today strategic plans and organizational structure of the precursor organizations is constructed according to developing and improving human resources productivity. In order to attain to this goal, organizational culture role is should be considered. By conducting a conceptual survey on organizational culture and Islamic teachings models expressed by human resources researchers, a model-based approach have been designed. The purpose was to improve the productivity of native workers in the field offices of Bank Sepah. The results of this study indicate that the ability to develop and successfully deploy an organizational culture model, will have a high impact on the optimizing potential productivity of individual employees. The model is evaluated in terms of meaningfulness, and observed that the theoretical model is statistically meaningful. Also the model has theoretical and practical significance in terms of the suitability of conditions and according to statistics calculated by statistical software used in this research.      

Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract

Abstract: A comparative study of the application of symbol in Safavi and Iranian contemporary architecture The human kind was always accompanied by some tendency to use symbols, signs and codes. We’ve seen the most ancient of them in works of the primary human which are mostly in the form of graffiti due to technical reasons and in modern society there are few foundations which can be found with no trace of symbols and signs, since symbols and signs don’t require any other foundation than innovative mind of their creator. However, signs, as a kind of communication, need a dynamic society which is the other side of this communication, to communicate. The amount of applying these symbols and signs in different places and their vastness and variety are of the instances which always increase complication of discovering their true meaning. This mistaken recognition was always the challenge to this communication. In response to two questions of _ what are signs and symbols and where is the place for applying them in architecture? And what is the difference between using symbols and signs in Safavi and contemporary periods? _ this essay attempts to do a comparative study on the works of these two architectural periods of Iran by pointing out kinds of signs and presenting a classification of places in works of architecture where symbols and signs were applied. Therefore, a discussion about different kinds of signs, where they are applied in architecture and a case study were embarked on by using a combination of different studying methods of interpretive-historical and logical reasoning. In the end we study the differences and similarities and application process of symbols and signs in area of architecture. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract

Different people have different perceptions of physical space where movement and rest occur. In this regard, perception of three-dimensional space from the point of view of stationary and moving observers can be analyzed from different perspectives including the observer's favorable or unfavorable perception, persistency and recall capability of the perceived space, the influence of different design variables on the perception, etc. But one of the most important issues which has not attracted due attention in this area and will form the subject of the present study is that of deliberate distortions in the "perception of subjective depth and distance" of a path or space. Indeed, by using the perception of depth and distance and the deliberate distortions in the field of urban design, designers will be able to change this perception experience via informed arrangement of spatial qualities as appropriate in line with the overall design objectives. This way, they can represent a route as shorter or longer than its actual conditions in the minds of observers and users of space. In this paper, among various theoretical approaches about the human visual system function in relation to the perception of depth and distance, cue approach is discussed due to greater emphasis given to it in scientific literature published in recent years as well as its comprehensive theoretical perspective. Based on this approach, in the first part of this article, an attempt has been made to review and analyze the most significant components affecting the perception of depth and distance using a scientific approach via urban design perspective. These components can be integrated or reduced in order to directly control the relative amount of depth and distance perception in the physical space. In the second part, deliberate distortions and their application in design of physical-spatial structures of urban environment in a practical approach are discussed. Upon on the purpose of the study it is based on applied research. Due to complexity of depth and distance perception, we used the combination of exploratory and descriptive-analytical research as the methodology. Keywords: Urban Design, Perceptual Depth and Distance, Cue Approach, Deliberate Distortions, Practical Optical Illusions

Volume 4, Issue 2 (summer 2023)
Abstract

Aims: Urban space is one of the main places for people's social interactions, which includes squares, streets, accesses, etc. these spaces require a comprehensive design that means comfortable and easy to use for all people with physical and mobility limitations. A significant part of the citizens are people with disabilities, so special attention should be paid to addressing their needs and problems in the city. People with disabilities include Persons with physical, mental, sensory, and internal disabilities, pregnant women, children, and the elderlyIn this regard, the purpose of this article is to identify the physical problems of people with disabilities in the study area and evaluate them for the presence of people with disabilities.
Methods: after recognizing the current situation by studying library resources, by conducting a field survey, it has been analyzed by SWOT method and Wizard scenario. After prioritizing the developed strategies, executive solutions have been designed. 
Finding and Conclusion: The results obtained from this study show that one of the most aim problems in the target axis is the lack of adaptation of furniture for the use of people with disabilities, lack of proper flooring, lack of adaptation of transportation stations. Appeared. Also, performing solutions such as adapting service uses, adapting transportation stations, standard flooring for all types of low-power groups, locating suitable urban furniture, designing urban furniture for the use of all citizens, and creating sensory and audio panels to adapt spaces. A city helps for the presence of people with disabilities.

Volume 4, Issue 2 (summer 2023)
Abstract

Aims: Cities and their surrounding areas provide the ground for creating opportunities. Moreover, these places reveal systematic socio-economic fault lines, gaps, inequalities, and structural poverty. Cities are centers where ecosystems cross their functional thresholds and reinforce inequalities and vulnerabilities with increasing demands and pressures on limited natural resources. Therefore, it is time to move quickly from the extraction-based model in the last century to a renewable, flexible, and nature-based model which accepts the limitations of our world. 
Methods: Therefore, this study aims to identify the concept of productive city as a novel concept in the theoretical field of urban planning using the systematic review method based on a four-stage model via formulating the search strategy of papers and search process considering terms of productive city, productive urban planning, urban productivity and nature city in the top citation databases. In total, 214 papers were identified from 2013 to 2022 in the initial search, 68 of which were selected as eligible for deeper investigation and response to the research questions. 
Findings: This research indicate since adapting to the effects of climate change and resilience against environmental hazards requires a long-term perspective based on understanding nature. 
Conclusion: applying the concept of the productive city as a nature-based approach, guaranteeing social regeneration, economic and ecological sustainability, and functional-spatial continuity of cities in facing the upcoming challenges and environmental hazards, and reduce the pressures on natural resources. Furthermore, this seems necessary in contemporary urban development plans.


Volume 4, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Abstract

Nowadays with increasing competition among service organizations, they are looking for a way to differentiate their services. This requires emphasis on the necessity of applying brand as a source of competitive advantage and differentiation. This study seeks to answer the following question: “what is the impact of customer perceptions of the brand on customer loyalty, mediated by perceived value?” Theoretical formed model tests the relationships between the four main factors associated with the perception of brand equity (including brand image, company image, employee trust, and company trust) and value creation and customer loyalty. The model is

Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract

Historical texture of Islamic city, with its latent physical and cultural value, has high degree of identity; hence, maintaining historical texture is considered as an essential identity for survival of cities. In fact, identity is the response to what is and who is, that identifies individual characteristic results from mental emotions of daily presence and expanded social communication. In other words, identity is a phenomenon which takes place in historical context of community. Over the time, the sense of identity is internalized within individuals, leads their behavior and finally integrates the community. Behavioral unity created at society level seeks for a framework to satisfy the behavioral and mental needs of individual and society. With its specific ideology, Islamic city demands special behavior performable in its specific framework. Modern cities are suffering from identity crises, because of basic changes of the cities without any link to the past. One of the reasons of identity crises in modern cities is inefficacity of historical textures. Inevitably, the changes will happen over the time, hence, continuity along with changes that allows relationship between past and present will balance these changes. This is a qualitative, descriptive-analytical study, reviewing constituent components of historical texture identity of Islamic-Iranian cities in order to deal with identity loss of these textures. The data collection method was based on library and historical documents. Evaluation and study of historical texture structure of Iranian cities indicate that historical textures of cities are treasures of history and culture of the ancients in their identity are influenced by Islamic urbanization identity. However, these textures are considered as documents of history, culture and identity of a nation, therefore, identification of this valuable heritage enables recognition of identity and movement of human. In other words, it can be stated that “old urban textures are creative and dynamic place to find out position of human in the world and his connection with the past, a place for environmental changes and a different view to the life of future and now.” Generally, the main characteristic of physical structure of old Iranian- Islamic city can be summarized in spatial coherence principal: physical organizations of old Iranian cities are based on spatial connection between elements of: 1) downtown, 2) neighborhood center through spaces and connecting elements, 3) main paths, and 4) square. Referring to historical texture of Iranian cities, it is obvious that formation and maintenance of them were based on special principles of Iranian climate and culture, and their framework has been consistent through historical, cultural, social and environmental continuity. Therefore, it has special identity and characteristic. Studies show that the main formation elements of historical texture of Iranian-Islamic city’s identity include citadel, great mosque, market, residential areas and road network. Citadel was a collection of buildings and governmental organization of city and headquarters of the ruler with spatial relation to the market and great mosque. Great mosque was built in a proper place as a politic religious center, the center of city’s sacred person and under his influence. The shape and dimensions of mosque land was dependent to the facilities of texture around it and the needs of internal development, its external form had its special pattern and form. Every city had at least one linear market that begun from the gate and continued to the center of city and ended around the great mosque. The local places of Iranian-Islamic city had special geographical unity. Deadend allies, allies, paths and neighborhood centers gave entity to neighborhood. The neighborhood consists of residential houses, allies, public facilities of neighborhood center such as mosques, local markets and bathrooms, reservoir and cafes. Connection network is formed organically around the old texture of Iranian city according to formation of past functions and taking into account the human scale. The main characteristics of connection network structure of old neighborhoods include short access and in pedestrian scale with significant social role, complexity of paths according to climatic condition and urban security. In general, it can be stated that citadel, great mosque and market were the three main principles of an Iranian-Islamic city. Great mosque was the main physical element of an Islamic city and market was the symbol of traditional architecture and urbanization of Iran which had the main role in city. In Iranian-Islamic cities’ places such as great mosque, market and center of government, houses etc. not only maintained their own places and special characters in urban space hierarchy and played their own roles, but also formed a united collection together that spatially shows the city as a coherenceentity. Coherence and correlation between spatial elements and their activities in historical texture of Iran cause these textures to seem a coherent entity and as a manifestation of identity. On the other hand, spatial values of these cities are formed by continuity and physical and observational quality of urban spaces. For confronting identity loss in historical textures, a nostalgic view to the history should be put aside and accept the changes during the time. Change is an inseparable matter that can lead to sustainable identity along with continuity. Identity revival of historical textures of Iranian-Islamic city is maintaining cultural continuity at present, past and future of the city. This cultural continuity which is accessible through recognition of concepts and organizational principles of urban spaces in historical cities of Iran and implementation of them in new urban space design, gives identity and authenticity to society. The present study is seeking to evaluate the constituent elements of mentioned textures through recognition of identity nature. Reviewing constituent elements of traditional Islamic cities, we want to find a way to help environment respond the needs of the time, as well as be in consistency with historical form and space.

Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract

A great part of sciences and fundamentals of formation of our cities and past architecture has been destroyed which rooted in regulation of human relationship with the environment. Architects and urban planners deal with their processes only based on modern conditions and fundamentals that are general and international. Lack of these sciences in architecture as well as urban planning has separated it seriously from tradition and finding these fundamentals may, despite of benefitting from modern civilization values, cause biological and health values to be continued based on traditional system in modern architecture and urban planning. Plenty of contemporary cities that recently have been located and constructed are facing with problems in terms of benefitting from natural elements and based on health indicators in the tradition. New academic architecture and urban planning system has trusted in new rules of adjustment of environmental conditions to the extent that even is not seeking for traditional climatic criteria and indicators and is not supposing that many of these problems are arising out of inattention to this traditional science. In the meantime, wind as a climatic-traditional element has direct impact on health of residents of a city. The winds are crucially effective on filtration or creation of pollution in a city. Studies indicated that the wind due to direct impact on human health and is a superior element in prosperity and structure of a city and vernacular architecture of each region, and has a crucial role in filtration or creation of pollution in a city. In this paper, the impact of wind as a natural element on human’s health has been analyzed by considering traditional medical texts and its impact on selection of place and structure of cities has been studied. For this purpose, after analysis of religious, philosophical and medical texts, and description of priority of winds in relation to two factors of wind direction and wind origin, six climatic zones of some of old, important and populous cities were ranked in the light of existence or absence of favorable and unfavorable winds, respectively. Then, by studying the structure of a sample of cities with favorable wind and a sample with unfavorable wind, solution for traditional cities in terms of benefitting from/coping with the wind has been studied. Analysis method used for Islamic and medical fundamentals of wind is interpretive and argumentative. The criterion for selecting cities is being old and populous and located in six climates of Iran. Thereafter, selected cities were classified and graded based on wind quality and considering theoretical fundamentals. The basis of identification of prevailing wind direction in cities includes new climatic books, statistics of meteorological stations as well as internet. Based on fundamentals of traditional and Islamic medicine that is a little different from Greek medicine, human skin breaths in good weather and becomes fresh and in case of lack of wind passage, still air make it stink and putrid. Still air is putrefied and putrefied air is infected. Yet, unsuitable winds may destroy the body’s vitality and be detrimental to health as well as impose bad impacts on human psyche. In nature, life of plants and animals is regulated by wind so that in Quran, it has been mentioned repeatedly and swore spiritually. In the medical fundamentals, wind types and its impact on human health and climate has been studied. According to analysis of Islamic and traditional medical fundamentals, winds quality, from the most favorable to the unfavorable ones respectively, includes east wind, north wind, west wind and finally south wind; meanwhile, in addition to the importance of wind direction, wind origin is also important for its impact. Wind origin includes environments such as sea, desert, mountain, plain, lagoon and forest. In Iran, due to diversity of its climate, instances of each one (usually the first four cases are more evident) can be taken into consideration. Removal of unfavorable wind and attraction of favorable wind in the city creates strategies for city structure. Environmental factors such as wind are significantly important for locating cities. In different regions of Iran, the wind is blown in different directions and from various origins. Each city tries to receive and train any favorable wind. In this study, six climatic zones were selected and in each climate two cities, one with favorable wind status and another one with unfavorable wind blowing were studied to compare the appropriateness of model and experience of ancients for benefitting from or coping with the wind, regarding the health criteria from Islamic viewpoint. In Iranian urban structure model, spatial orientation methods of Iranian housesthat is called Ron (direction) in traditional architecture, had been converted into a model for design of that time. Three fundamental Rons in this regard include Rasteh Ron, Esfahani Ron, and Kermani Ron. Rasteh Ron is referred to the northeast-southwest direction. In this direction, the inside of house is cold in winter and hot in summer. Esfahani Ron is referred to the northwest-southeast and Kermani Ron is referred to east-west direction. In Vitruvius book, an eight-direction model has been introduced for main directions of winds and their specifications that are exposed to main and secondary directions (90 and 45 degrees). Whereas general principle in his proposal is avoiding the same direction with winds in the city passages, so axes shall not be located in main and secondary axes. Iranian Rons, except Kermani Ron, are not located in main and secondary directions and Kermani Ron has been created with a little deviation of the skyline (almost 20 degree); therefore, main lines (including passages and orientation of buildings) of no city are located in main and secondary directions of wind flow. Considering the medical fundamentals of wind direction and superiority of north and east winds to west and south winds in all three Iranian Rons, tendency toward receiving north wind and rejection of south wind such as building backward to the south front can be seen, but in Rasteh and Kermani Ron, tendency for acceptance of east wind and in Esfahani Ron, acceptance of west wind is seen as well. In fact, if a wind of west direction is a favorable wind considering wind origin, the city’s orientation structure is set according to Esfahani Ron to benefit from favorable west wind, while this Ron has less frequency than Rasteh Ron. For instance, in cold climate, mountains of Shahrekord are located in the south that is origin of prevailing wind, so the city has the most unfavorable wind and mountains in the south prevent its suitable sunbathing; thus, its direction tends to the west (Esfahani) so that relative heat of west wind may adjust the coldness of city for the residents. Analysis of instances shows that urban structure of ancient cities has been completely formed based on medical fundamentals and is appropriately conformed to the health factors from Islamic viewpoint. Comparison between quaintly and priority of traditional urban Rons and observance of priority of benefiting from east and north winds and appropriate angle in most of them is the best evidence for paying attention to health in old cities of Iran. Considering the adaption of the past urban structure and health factors from Islamic perspective may be applied on contemporary urban planning and underlie for improvement of environmental pollutions.

Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract

The development of technology and modern industrial foundations has faced new matters to contemporary human societies. Technology is rapidly changing lifestyles, social interactions and even modern human worldview about him (her)self and existence. Technology-the unavoidable reality of modern world- represented itself as a phenomenon of expanding. The modern techniques have become quite different from the past. Contemporary human involvement with technology is expanding so that a comparison with the former meaning in traditional societies as a means to solve life problems. Technology is changing dimensions of our world and it forces us to ask questions about its relationship with man and society. And this is taking every explorer mind under the question of technology quiddity, method of incidence and quality of its connection with human beings. This study is about to frame below questions to give an explanation about proper relation between technology and human: Can still believe that our attitude and worldview determine the direction of technology? What is the relation between technology and society? Can human and social responsibilities attached to technology? What phenomenal and cognitional quality is technology divulging in its current definition and framework? Is technology an essential reality, and as a purposive structure, does it impose its roots to humans? Or does it have an implemental and neutral relation with them? So that, human will and worldview shape its functions? Is, equating technology and technical artifacts, giving a meaningful definition of it? Or, is there any particular concept traits through technical symbols that should be discovered? What is the relation between human and technology in our (Iran) religion, culture and society? Should we accept technology or say “no” to it? Which way can we choose? Since the advent of new technology in industrial societies, the important issue is the question of how it relates to human. Many schools discussed about this issue and described its damages and ways to solve them. Some of this viewpoints, such as traditionalists think that the influence of modern technology is destructive for human due to killing the spirit of objects and relationships. Others, such as technocrats believe that technology is the spirit of our age and its acceptance is inevitable and also useful. But in the middle of these two approaches, other viewpoints related the acceptance or rejection of technology to structures, like Marxists that based on ideological concepts, or like Phenomenologists that seek to understand and penetrate into essence of Tech. But acceptance or rejection and even criticizing, will not open all the dimensions of this phenomenon. Comprehension of technology’s relationship with knowledge and awareness can cause of rupture the dominance of it on society. We can classify these viewpoints in three groups: Those who believe in surrounded life by technology and innate autonomy of it. The other group who believe in that technology is a tool in human’s hand and has no valuable content. But coping with each of these approaches puts us into passive position that without cognition of our situation in technological world, we released ourselves from its recognition. Establishing an active relation with technology is depend on knowledge and to get out of constructed framework of technique. According to its purpose, the study based on basis – analytical research that collecting library data, analysis and descriptive conclusions from them, are its roots. The basic framework of the study has formed in based of gathering the viewpoint of various schools in philosophy of technology. In this context, schools have been selected that more attention has been paid to their opinions and written sources in our country (Iran). In a comparative study has been evaluated the main elements of these schools with Islamic thought in a pathological approach. The results, come from comparative analysis of different schools view, showing that not only technology can’t be understood as neutral phenomena but also finding the theoretical basics, meaning and function of It, is inevitable for the explanation of relation between self and technology. Unilateral approach can’t help us to know the answer of technology question and acceptance or negation of such phenomena.Rather, it should be viewed as a result of distinguishing between phenomenal and existential quality of technology and technical artifacts. Looking into thoughts around technology and analyzing various religious views in the standards of Islamic – Iranian culture, this study attempts to survey theoretical basics and its acceptance manner in our current society. So that with the recognition of structures and the manner of true realization of this phenomena, knowing its defects and can be using it as a possibility to improve human physical and spiritual life. The Conclusions of analytical evaluation of different opinions about technology and its relation with the current technology in societies explain that technology in the contemporary world is different from industrial technology because of the link with data and information. This link give a fluid and flexible trait to technology that makes it able to penetrate through all levels of human relations and social institutions. Rupturing totality and internal unity of technology develops it to human as an opportunity to inaugurate the world and discover new concepts. This interaction depends on getting away from templates and get out of progressive network that will violate the human will and consciousness. The superficial presence of technology in society without a social function and proportion with real needs in developing countries is one of the challenges that could harm the public reception of this phenomenon. Modern technique in terms of physical and conceptual, have fundamental differences with traditional technology. In the past, technology could not be master of human dignity in terms of small-scale and fragmentation, while the contemporary human lie upon an entirely technologic atmosphere. Finally, solutions are given based on results of the research according to cultural and social situation of the country. So that, in addition to avoiding harms and defects of technology, a valuable concept can be explained the late for the sublimation of human in connection with technology.

Volume 5, Issue 1 (Winter 2023 2022)
Abstract

Due to its nature, water resources, in addition to giving life to a land and its creatures, can be the source of differences between countries and nations with common resources and cause great losses. In this regard, a new field of research called hydro politics has been created that surveys these issues. Considering the climate situation of the Middle East and the widespread limitation of water resources in this region, the purpose of this study is to investigate the hydro political situation of Iran's joint watersheds with neighbors with emphasis on the Tigris and Euphrates, especially the Arvandrud River. Using the descriptive-analytical method, first, the resources were reviewed systematically, and then the situation of water resources in the area was identified and studied using spatial analysis. Surveys were conducted on three large scales in the Tigris and Euphrates basins, the middle scale in the Karkheh and Karun basins, and the local scale in the Arvandrud River joint area. Studies have shown that the hydro political situation in the region will become tenser with the control of water by upstream countries and due to the very high population growth and water consumption in Iraq. Also, due to Iraq's limited access to open waters and its very small and unsuitable coastline for maritime transport, there is a potential for tension in the region in the future

Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Abstract

Taking advantage of geometry has been always a current base in Iranian traditional architecture for accommodate survey among form, stability and coordination. Recognition of components’ geometrical behavior along organic :union: making’s direction among skeleton, space and background systems causes integrated feedback formation among effective elements in collection’s stability. Based on existing geometrical limitations in their structures and coordination, Iranian girih as modular units are capable of developing in x and y axes by considering visual values and actionable efficiency. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to this study results, it can be concluded that by defining certain legislations, geographical mechanism of Iranian girih causes an integrated behavior’s controlling and multi-dimensional action among quality parameters such as cladding structures’ designing and quantity parameters such as proper behavior toward forces. This coordinating feedback between architecture and structure in supports’ optimized location which results from genetic algorithm method, decreases stress in structures’ components and also maximizes structure’s stability besides economic advantage in used materials. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to this study results, it can be concluded that by defining certain legislations, geographical mechanism of Iranian girih causes an integrated behavior’s controlling and multi-dimensional action among quality parameters such as cladding structures’ designing and quantity parameters such as proper behavior toward forces. Based on existing geometrical limitations in their structures and coordination, Iranian girih as modular units are capable of developing in x and y axes by considering visual values and actionable efficiency. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’sgeometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components.

Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Abstract

Designing complex subway station and mixing them with crisis management provides an opportunity to understand multi-functional of station spaces. This article seeks to reduce vulnerabilities in the analysis subway stations measures to be considered as temporary accommodation in an emergencies and provide a safe space research questions inclusive weather do you have ability to the performance is also, in addition to its roles as station for transport and cultural and commercial complex; in critical condition become to temporary housing? Or what factors effect on flexibility of architectural complex subway? We have very good station complex in our country. A station complex itself consists of several levels of services areas include entertainment and office. This type of sorting and spatial layout is designed based on the needs. But in this paper we discussed bout benefits of this wide space and advantages of all the facilities and equipment in emergencies. Developing countries, including Iran, in addition to being more prone to accidents and natural disasters than other communities, total human casualties and property damage in case of accident these communities are heavier. To prevent the occurrence, planning to rescue damaged area and temporary accommodation, all communities need new Disaster Management. In the present study we have tried through a multi-functional and flexible design, the central station with the highest integrity economic, social and environmental be prepared to deal with the sudden crises. Despite the unexpected event and the space subway stations is located in the basement created a good spaces for sheltering people affected. Theoretical Framework of research was formed on professional background. Description of the research subjects are used to identify a type of descriptive research. They checked through classified questions by the nature of the condition or a relationship between phenomena. This study uses for recognition of flexible spaces with different activities, after studying previous research, analysis and identification of deficiencies and issues that the extent of the subject matter. Factors were identified and then among them some of the most important factors affecting the enhanced versatility stations and related elements are removed and in the form of a questionnaire was developed. Considering that the present selective approach of the Delphi Survey. These questionnaires gave to professionals and experts in related field to examine their views on this issue answered questions. At the end of the questionnaire they provided the new classification according to their own idea. The thirteen components shaped on the form of a questionnaire. The flexibility of components and elements were created in the form of a table, then each component is associated with a short description and an example and then its influence were examined on the subway stations the fifty questionnaires were prepared and given to fifty experts. After one week about forty persons answered. Finally through analyzing these answers with the software SPSS defined two factors (Adaptation) and (Convertible) have the most effect on multi-functional design. Discuss about flexible architecture used in most developing countries. Use the subway as one of the most important infra structure of transport industry. And different countries follow the various purposes about construction and expansion of the system based on their political and socio-economic strategy and structure. In this research, urban transportation industry used toward protection, facilitating crisis management and reduce potential vulnerabilities and providing satisfaction in critical and noncritical periods. Following the development of the industry in the transportation and services the most of countries used of subway station as space towards temporary accommodation with the aim of maintaining and relief protection. On the other, stations being able to protect of people and providing essential supplies for certain time periods at a critical time. These information is done based on limited studies are available. One of deficiency in new architecture is lack of planning toward multi-purpose use. In the other word we can use from the facilities and equipment for temporary accommodation. Becausepeople take refuge the subway station unconsciously, In this regard in many countries subway stations is used as a shelter space. The main issue in this research is multi-functional and flexible design for example station while there are main function and accessories (transportation and provide daily needs), another function will have to meet the needs of citizens in a secure environment. These views with the aim of identify a plan to solve the unpredictable problems and issues in organization critical and methods to reduce the vulnerability of disaster, including recognition of the six stages of crisis management planning. Planning, forecasting, equipment, coordination, implementation, analysis, documentation and temporary accommodation, and how to solve the crisis management in 3 section including of identification, decision and evaluation of temporary emergency measures and consequence of after crisis, including the reconstruction in low-risk areas, construction of building according to the rules of retrofitting and flexible designing of the building and cities in the faces of crisis. Multi-purpose in architecture while has many advantages, there is a little attention has been paid. The research studies began with introduction includes the purpose and expanse of information about the main problem of the research. After classifying articles, books and theses and noted the main provisions of the existing theories, the case study was cleared. This research began with the most general resources and ended with the most relevant resources. A review of existing knowledge and to clarify the deficiencies found the concepts to understood multi-purpose architecture. After classifying component based on the measure of affectively, these components were described. These categories gave to the expert. In this time adaptation was priority. In the other word the flexible space will have greater flexibility and create the space, that provide needs of travelers and transport, facilities, crisis management, reducing vulnerabilities and satisfaction while helping temporary accommodation. In according to assumption of this research, if complex station designed multi-purpose and considerate required spaces for critical conditions can be held accountable as a temporary accommodation and components such as versatility and consistent spatial have a high impact on flexibility of architectural complexes.

Volume 5, Issue 3 (2015 2015)
Abstract

Different people have different perceptions of physical space where movement and rest occur. In this regard, perception of three-dimensional space from the point of view of stationary and moving observers can be analyzed from different perspectives including the observer›s favorable or unfavorable perception, persistency and recall capability of the perceived space, the influence of different design variables on the perception, etc. But one of the most important issues which has not attracted due attention in this area and will form the subject of the present study is that of deliberate distortions in the «perception of subjective depth and distance» of a path or space. Indeed, by using the perception of depth and distance and the deliberate distortions in the field of urban design, designers will be able to change this perception experience via informed arrangement of spatial qualities as appropriate in line with the overall design objectives. This way, they can represent a route as shorter as or longer than its actual conditions in the minds of observers and users of space. In this paper, among various theoretical approaches about the human visual system function in relation to the perception of depth and distance, cue approach is discussed due to greater emphasis given to it in scientific literature published in recent years as well as its comprehensive theoretical perspective. Based on this approach, in the first part of this article, an attempt has been made to review and analyze the most significant components affecting the perception of depth and distance using a scientific approach via urban design perspective. These components can be integrated or reduced in order to directly control the relative amount of depth and distance perception in the physical space. For example, the first part of the present article addressed the influence of light, color, perspective etc. On depth perception. Obviously, if we can exaggerate the natural conditions of these signs via representation and re-design, we will be able to bring about a deliberate change in depth and distance. Indeed, measures such as taking advantage of oval forms in flooring instead of circular ones, making informed changes in the perspective view of a pathway or set of buildings, using purposeful color palettes and planned lighting and the like can leave a significant impact on depth and distance perception. In the second part, deliberate distortions and their application in design of physical-spatial structures of urban environment in a practical approach are discussed. In sum, based on discussions presented in this paper, it can be said that the relative contribution of each of structural features of a space, semantic features of visual scene and other factors in the formation of distance and depth perception errors is not known. Moreover, we still cannot consider a desired visual scene and determine whether there are spatial perception errors in memory. Such predictions will not be possible until we have richer and more objective words at hand to describe many possible spatial relationships between the observer and the elements in front of him, as well as the three-dimensional spatial structures.Such terms can form the basis for testing and describing the effects of different variables on perception issues. As mentioned in the article, practical application of depth and distance design and deliberate distortions in urban design can enable designers to change this perceptual experience. This will be possible via informed arrangements of spatial-physical qualities in a direct manner and proportional to the overall design purposes so that a pathway is perceived by observers and users shorter or longer than it is. On the other hand, whether a space appears deep or shallow is in direct association with its perceived length and in turn, its perceived time. This has not received due attention in practical urban design studies. It is obvious that there is a relationship between the environment and the length of perceived time, but what should be pursued in future urban design studies is how people›s physical - behavioral actions are influenced by this relationship. Such findings can be used to meet many non-physical goals in a project. Thus, knowing aboutthe effects of physical-spatial dimensions on depth and distance perception, and thus on the pedestrians› perceived time, a designer will be able to make a short - but the important in commercial, touristic, and cultural terms- path appear longer than it is to observers. The influence can lead to a greater emphasis on the path importance and the likelihood of unconscious pauses therein, and can enhance the formation of longer-lasting mental images and memories in pedestrians› minds. On the other hand, when an urban designer has to decide on the layout and design of a long corridor, he/she can take advantage of distorting the observers› perception and perceived time to make their perceived path shorter. This, in turn, will decrease their mental fatigue, desire to change path, and inattention to activities, functions and structures towards the end of the path. On the other hand, based on what was mentioned in the present article, when we move through a space, scales and level of details of objects are variable in our experience proportional to our distance from them. Thus, our perception of an object in space varies by our distance from it, our speed and the amount of time we allocate to see a particular scene. In this regard, urban design can impose dramatic changes on the observers› perception of depth in a space through deliberate distortions in their views and perspectives. In fact, when the observer›s perception of depth changes, the arrangement and layout of various components in space can appear compressed or expanded to him/her. This compression and expansion can be deliberately applied to strengthen or weaken spatial definition in a specific physical structure. When an observer moves through a space, he/she can experience a variation and fluctuation, not only among the various levels of vision, but also among perceived deep and shallow spaces. Such fluctuation can add to the richness of movement experience in urban spaces. Upon on the purpose of the study it is based on applied research. Due to complexity of depth and distance perception, we used the combination of exploratory and descriptive-analytical research as the methodology. contrasts with usual expectations, which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this, with developing the functional integration between these areas, the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore, this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region, named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which, the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So, the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable

Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract

Background: In this study for the first time terrestrial laser scanning survey was implemented on upland Hyrcanian forest, through which a and new method was applied to automatically extract DBH and tree position as a necessary step for height calculation and fitting the clustering as a circle.
Materials and Methods: Tree height extracted by fixing a cylinder around the trees center. The accuracies of these methods were investigated by field measurement. Among 4 shapes fitting algorithm, Monte Carlo had more suitable result to fitting circle in each height above the ground.
Results: Tree detection rates were 85% for Carpinus betulus and 87% for Diyospyrus lotus with respect to field measurement. R2 and RMSE for DBH measurement were 0.98, 2.06 cm for Carpinus betulus and 0.98, 1.26 cm for Diyospyrus lotus. Value of R2 and RMSE for height measurement were 0.96, 3.37 meters and 0.93, 3.02 meters for Carpinus betulus and Diyospyrus lotus, respectively.            
Conclusions: The accuracy of DBH by TLS is very suitable, and about the height of trees we extracted underestimated value in comparison to field measurement and that we need to develop more effective algorithms in order to reach more accurate measurement of trees’ height in Hyrcanian forest.

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