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Review and analysis of verbal thought prevailing over syntactic principles are important phenomena in Arabic Linguistics; a thought which as a general principle dominating syntactic science seems trivial comparing to that general issue. From a long time ago, a syntactic science which grasps the structure of Arabic language has occupied the mind of old and contemporary linguists of this field of thought; a science which seems essential for logical understanding of Arabic language structure. Among the fourfold syntactic principles, review and analysis of this verbal thought regarding the issue of “audition”, which is another evidence of syntactic principles such as “analogy” and “consensus”, persuades us to carry out this study. The study focuses on the viewpoint of two old and contemporary linguists and scholars of syntactic principles named al-Suyuti from the ninth century and Tammam Hassan of the contemporary time. Having a descriptive-analytical approach, existing resources and lingual data were reviewed. The results show that regarding the audition’s evidence and one of its resources which is the issue of citing Quranic readings to regularize syntactic rules, al-Suyuti of the ninth century, considering his religious concern, accepts citing all kinds of readings by considering “اﻟﻘﺮاءه ﺳُﻨﺔٌ ﻣُﺘَّﺒَﻌَﺔٌ ولا تُخالَف” but Tammam Hassan accepts citing readings by considering the condition of “مستندهٌ بالأسانید المعتبره””. On the issue of citing the Prophet’s hadiths, al-Suyuti accepts the views of al-Shatibi which are conditioned but Tammam Hassan believes that citing hadiths quoted by meaning is acceptable for regularizing syntactic rules because they

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 The process of teaching and learning is a complex interplay of multiple factors, including teaching and learning styles. A mismatch between these styles can lead to negative outcomes. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the learning styles of non-Iranian Persian language learners and the teaching styles of their instructors. To explore the alignment and discrepancies between these variables, a quantitative method was employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between them. This research was conducted with a sample size of 116 Persian language learners and 25 teachers, and data on learning styles were collected using the Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSPQ). The same questionnaire was adapted and validated to collect data on teaching styles. The study revealed no significant difference in the prioritization of visual, tactile, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles between learners and teachers. However, a notable difference was observed in group and individual learning styles. Furthermore, academic background emerged as a crucial factor affecting teaching style, with teachers who had completed a teaching Persian program (AZFA) prioritizing group-style instruction. The outcomes of this research underscored the existence of discernible disparities between the teaching styles of educators and the learning styles of students. As such, it was recommended that teachers adjust their teaching styles to align with the learning styles of their students.

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This study employs graph theory to analyze the semantic network of Persian verbs among bilingual speakers. Situated within the frameworks of cognitive linguistics, lexical semantics (cognitive semantics), and computational linguistics, the research involves administering a questionnaire comprising 50 basic Persian verbs to participants, asking them to map the conceptual and intra-linguistic relationships between these verbs.The primary objective is to identify the most robust and frequent conceptual and intra-linguistic links among these verbs and to provide a detailed description of the graph structure constructed by bilingual speakers. The study seeks to address the question: What typology of conceptual and intra-linguistic relations is reflected in the graph patterns of non-Persian-speaking Iranians? The working hypothesis posits that semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and collocation will manifest in this network.The methodology is field-based, and the instrument used is a localized questionnaire. Participants were instructed to diagrammatically represent any semantic relationships among the verbs provided.The findings demonstrate that the semantic graph constructed by Iranian bilinguals exhibits semantic relations such as synonymy (6.45%), reverse antonymy (34.94%), polysemy (7.79%), entailment (11.01%) (comprising "type-of" relations at 8.60% and "part-of" relations at 2.41%), as well as intra-linguistic collocation (28.22%). Among these, collocation, entailment, and antonymy were the most frequent relations, respectively. 

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This study investigated the role of naiveness and expertise in noun phrase complexity of academic texts as measured by noun phrase pre- and postmodifiers. To this end, four corpora of the abstract sections of Master of Arts (MA) theses (to represent expert academic writing) in applied linguistics authored by English native and Persian writers were constructed. Noun phrase modifiers were identified thorough automatic grammatical taggers (Stanford Core NLP) and noun phrase extraction tools. Findings revealed that novice and expert academic writers differed significantly in the use of some of the noun phrase postmodifiers. However, the difference between native and nonnative academic writers in the use of premodifiers was not large enough to show statistical significance. Findings support the view that the most important distinction in advanced academic writing is not between native and nonnative writers, but between expert (senior) and novice (junior) ones. Pedagogical implications of the findings are also discussed.

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Considering the vast changes in different aspects of life and various ways of earning livelihood, flexibility in contemporary housing design can be regarded as an appropriate solution in order to prevent from discreteness in interactions within the society and environment and among people. That is because a residence must be designed according to the changing needs of modern human. Traditional houses in Iran have already contained this concept, in modern era however, such viewpoint towards housing cannot be seen so often. Flexibility refers to the idea of adaptation throughout the time. Therefore it can be said that a flexible settlement is a house that can be adapted with the needs of the users and will lead to understanding the users’ expected demands with their own cooperation. Peoples’ cooperation in this process will increase the possibility of adaptation of housing with their needs which will eventually increase the general satisfaction of the housing. This research discusses the issue of flexibility and the related concepts in the field of housing with emphasis on some residential projects. Every settlement is depended on its user and the ground for its adaptation. Therefore, in terms of general design, we can say that settlement is dependent on both the environment and the user. Since human beings normally demand variety and  monotonous environmental conditions make human beings unsatisfied and bored; they usually have a favorable and positive view towards changes in their living environment. These varieties can range from some minor changes up to basic ones such as a change in the residential house itself. Flexibility in architectural design indicates variety. Such variety includes the possibility of adjustment and compatibility of a residential unit throughout time. It will eventually lead the building to show new varieties of its own. In order to demonstrate flexibility, the architects have to put the probable needs of the users into consideration in the process of designing. In other words, a “long-term thought” is required in designing.Flexibility in housing can be investigated from two points of views: first, from users’ point of view and secondly the innovative construction. Designing consists of four main issues: (1) structural system; (2) servicing spaces; (3) architectural design; and (4) facilities for environmental flexibility. The present study tries to express the concept of flexibility as a “new form of challenging architecture”. This is done using some examples and instances. From such viewpoint, the goal this study tries to attain is to survey the limitations and boundaries of flexible designing. This is done by analyzing the selected items. This way, the architect can turn flexibility into an opportunity and produce creative options in his/her work and design. The present study was conducted using library-based method and case study with the aim of studying and discussing the conceptual and operational grounds of housing design in different countries. The structure and main framework of the present study stands on the idea that flexibility can be used for  housing development in all eras and periods as a general concept and includes different types itself.

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Edrisid, as the first Alawite state in the second half of the second century A.H, settled down in North-West Africa; in a region surrounded by hostile states from all sides, the Umayyads of Andalusia in the north, the Aghlabid's in the east; and the Banurostam government in the northeast and Banumedarar government in the southwest. Being located in such a geographical position must lead to the inevitable entry into long and erosive wars and endless tensions. However, by studying the history of Edrisid's not only don’t we see any continuous wars but we come across a stable government which carries out the most brilliant period of civilization in the Islamic Maghreb region in the first centuries (A.H.). The current research intends to look into Edrisid's foreign policy management and explaining the strategies of this government in curbing hostilities and turning crises into opportunities in the field of diplomacy. Data analysis in the historical reports related to this government reveals that the Edrisid's were able to succeed in foreign policy by adopting policies such as: religious tolerance, extensive business relations with neighbors, establishment of a balance of power and exploiting tribal differences in the territory of neighbors. Through these measures, they were able to avoid erosive conflicts and continuous wars with neighbors and thus provide the basis for stability and development in their territory.
 

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Powdery mildew is one of the most important disease concerns of tomato production in different regions of the world, which is caused by different species of Erysiphales. The most important causal agents of which are Leveillula taurica and Oidium neolycopersici. In the present study tomato farms in Qazvin province were surveyed and tomato leaves with powdery mildew symptoms were collected. After morphological studies in laboratory and using reliable resources, the causal agent of tomato powdery mildew was identified as Leveillula taurica. The host range was determined by inoculation of Leveillula taurica from tomato on nine species of plants belonging to four different plant families. All cultivars of tomato, eggplant, pepper and cucumber used in this study, showed disease symptoms on their leaf surfaces. Other plant species including potato, alfalfa, sunflower, clover and sainfoin did not get infected by the pathogen. The nucleotide divergence for the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region between tomato mildew and 21 other Leveillula taurica isolates ranged from 0.00 to 0.031 %. The sequence of ITS region of Leveillula taurica from tomato was identical to that of eight isolates from different plant species.  

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As part of the community, children have their own needs, desires, and preferences. Citizens who have been neglected in social life, especially in the design of cities and the creation of urban environments. The purpose of this research is to investigate the needs, desires and preferences of children in providing planning and design indicators for urban spaces. The main research questions are: What are the desirable street indicators from a children's perspective? What are the practical solutions for the indicators in the study area? In this research, documentary study method and content analysis were used to identify design and planning indicators of child-friendly Street. In order to identify the needs and desires of the children, 40 13- to 12-year-old students of Hajar Primary School in Mesbah Street in Karaj were asked to write down the characteristics of their desired street. To examine the collected textual data, the concepts contained in the textual data were first extracted, coded and categorized based on the content presented. After classification, the frequency of codes in each category was determined. Objective and visual dimension had the highest frequency in recognizing the desired indicators of children. As such, 28% of the data were related to the visual dimension. Social dimensions (24%), activity (23.27%), psychological (15.27%) and finally environmental (9.45%) were the least important factors for children

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In light of the rapid global urbanization, providing a better quality of life in cities is becoming an increasingly
critical issue for urban planning. However, the links between the built environment and subjective well-being are
not sufficiently understood. This paper reviews the evidence on the range of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Seven potential pathways are identified and reviewed: ( travel,  leisure,
 work,  social relationships, residential well-being,  emotional responses, and  health. Based on
this knowledge, the paper presents an overview of strategies for improving subjective well-being through urban
planning. Among others, proposed strategies are to: enhance conditions for active travel; improve public
transport while restricting cars; provide easy access to facilities and services; develop or steer technology and
emerging mobility options to improve inclusiveness and quality of life for different groups; integrate various
forms of urban nature as much as possible; provide accessible, inclusive public spaces and communal spaces;
maintain upkeep and order in urban space, vegetation, and transport systems; implement noise reduction strategies; develop aesthetically pleasing buildings and public spaces based on residents’ needs and preferences; and
reduce socio-spatial inequalities while providing support for housing and transport for vulnerable groups.
 

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Challenging the entire western philosophical tradition, which in his opinion has caused useless theoretical dualisms throughout the history of philosophy, Rorty wants to attempt to deconstruct and eliminate these dualisms in the context of "redemptive literary culture". By creating a dividing line between the private and public spheres, Rorty wants to specify the contribution and involvement of philosophers in presenting theoretical and philosophical views and to say that the political sphere does not need to acquire foundations from the individual criteria of the private sphere. It is as if Rorty wants to prevent the philosopher's ambitions and interference with theorizing by reducing philosophy to literature. In fact, he believes in the distinction between private and public spheres or politics, the philosopher's tool is imagination and his intellectual sphere is literary culture and his place is the private sphere. Assuming the acceptance of pragmatic criteria, doesn't this division of a person in two completely different areas make him a dual personality? Can this intellectual stance be reasonable and acceptable?

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The political and social unrest that began with protests in Tunisia and quickly spread across North Africa also brought about rapid changes in Libya’s political landscape. Although these protests resulted in the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime in 2011, the chaos did not end there. Libya descended into a period of political instability and armed conflict. During this turbulent time, the Muslim Brotherhood emerged as one of the key political and social actors. In the post-Gaddafi era, the Brotherhood exploited the absence of a strong centralized authority and benefited from foreign support, particularly from Qatar and Turkey. They expanded their influence by establishing the Justice and Construction Party, which initially achieved success in early elections. However, competition with nationalist and secular forces curtailed its political gains. With Turkish military backing, the Muslim Brotherhood openly supported the Government of National Accord during the second wave of conflict in 2014. Conversely, the Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar and supported by regional states opposed to the Brotherhood—such as the UAE, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia—targeted the group through both political and military means, intensifying the conflict.
 

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Sense of place is one of the new concepts in urban design field that plays an important role in creating the sustainability of urban communities and the quality of urban spaces. Many factors are effective in creating this feeling, one of the most important of which is the physical characteristics of urban spaces. These characteristics can affect the sense of place by affecting human perception, but the role of individual and social characteristics should not be ignored. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between physical-perceptual characteristics as well as individual-social characteristics as intervention variables. For this purpose, an urban space (sidewalk of Ayatollah Kashani Street) was studied as an example. The methods used were Spearman correlation coefficient and ordinal regression according to the type of data. The results obtained from the research indicate the high role of factors such as originality of meaning and visual comfort, etc. In general, all studied variables (physical-perceptual) have played a positive and significant role with a sense of place. Among the individual-social characteristics, the most important role in creating a sense of place have been factors such as age, gender and literacy. Therefore, it can be said that with increasing age and literacy level, the sense of place has increased and also the sense of place among women is more than men. Of course, as mentioned in the conceptual model of the research, this effect is indirect and is through the effectiveness of perception of these factors. The proposed regression model well showed

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The movement of translating the texts of Greek philosophy into Arabic during the 2nd and the 3rd centuries AH especially in the period of caliphate of Mansour Davaniqi, was a main cause of the glory of the Islamic college or by the act of Muslim philosophers like Ibn Sina. At least from 17th century Western philosophy has moved in a way that is different from what we know of Islamic philosophy and if we need to have deep knowledge of it we need to either be expert in Western languages or to use the translations of their original texts of Western philosophy. The text of Western philosophy, however, have been written in several languages like English, German and French and a scholar in philosophy, in spite of his proficiency in English, in order to be familiar with works written in other European languages, he needs to the help of translators. This article explains the necessity of translating philosophical texts of Western philosophy and some entailments of it.

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Criticizing the history of philosophy and epistemology definitely requires great courage, because the effects and consequences of this can lead to dangerous results. When we ignore any metaphysical and superhuman beings and generally explain any epistemological issues in the explanation of our knowledge strategy, then the result can lead to nihilism, absurdism, disorder and anarchism. It can be dangerous and toxic both for the individual and for the society. While we expect to encounter such nihilistic thought in Rorty's thought, on the contrary, the philosopher in question claims that his thought will not be led to what was mentioned. Rather, it seeks pleasure, happiness and happiness for humans, because although there is no longer talk of truth and goodness, but by expanding the solidarity between human "us" as much as possible, it seeks to change this road and move towards a human utopia. Our purpose of writing this article is to investigate and analyze the position of the epistemological foundations of ethics in Rorty's thought.

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This article studies the perceptual correlates of lexical stress in Persian. The minimal stress pair // was used as the stimulus token, and the values of duration, overall intensity, spectral balance and F0 were varied in several steps both in the accented and de-accented conditions. 20 native Persian speakers were asked to identify the stressed tokens in a force-choice perception experiment. The results showed that in the accented condition, F0 is the most reliable perceptual correlate of stress. Other correlates are in additive interaction with F0. In de-accented condition, stress is strongly cued by duration, while among the other correlates, spectral balance provides stronger stress cues than overall intensity.

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Effective Altruism has discussed helping others both in the domain of theoretical foundations and in the domain of practical foundations. In fact, helping others includes helping other humans, animals, the environment, and any other thing that improves the conditions of men and the world, and the discussion of this issue is of a background as ancient as human existence itself. The Most Good You Can Do by Peter Singer, one of the contemporary thinkers in practical ethics, contains four parts and fifteen chapters. The book has discussed the issue of helping others in a very proper and, of course, effective and applied manner, and it is unique in its specific domain; but the most significant point of weakness of this book is its negligence of the role of global organizations in prevention from war, etc., which in turn can play an effective and even fundamental role in the domain of altruism. 
 

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Problem: With the development of urbanization and the need to pay attention to environmental aspects, industrial areas within the city have been abandoned and destroyed. Pars Electric factory in Rasht city has become a place for garbage and drug addicts to accumulate during nearly two decades of closure and has created dangers for the area.
Target : The purpose of the article is to examine the components of vitality in order to revive the post-industrial arena of this collection.
Method: In this regard, information has been collected by using library-documentary methods, questionnaires and interviews. Vitality components based on theoretical literature were extracted and randomly distributed among 312 people in the form of a questionnaire, and the results were subjected to second-order confirmatory factor analysis in Smart PLS.
Findings : Safety and security with a path coefficient of 0.878 shows the strong and direct impact of this factor on increasing the vitality of Pars Electric Factory in Rasht. The factors of sense of place, legibility, climatic comfort, social justice and sensory richness express 55, 48, 44, 42 and 36 percent of the changes in increasing the dynamism and vitality of the post-industrial landscape of Pars Electric respectively.
Result: Definition of areas, monitoring and control, proper lighting, establishment of 24-hour activities, creation of interactive spaces are among the proposed measures with high priority to strengthen the two factors of safety and security and sense of place in order to improve the vitality of the said site.

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The main problem of philosophical hermeneutics is the problem of understanding. Understanding is determined in what context, how, and by what components. Gadamer explains these influential components by emphasizing tradition and history and emphasizes the plurality of understanding by expressing the ontological characteristics of human understanding. From this perspective, subjectivist and non-pluralist approaches are denied. In this article, we aim to examine, based on the characteristics of the understanding process in Gadamer's hermeneutic approach, namely historicity, pluralism, eventfulness, practicality, and linguistics, its relationship and proportion with political totalitarianism and pluralism, and to assess the possibility of convergence or incompatibility of the foundations of philosophical hermeneutics with political pluralism as a pluralistic political approach and divergence or compatibility of philosophical hermeneutics with political totalitarianism as a non-pluralistic political approach. Although Gadamer cannot be considered a full-fledged political philosopher, it is possible to examine political systems and their epistemological foundations based on his hermeneutic approach and evaluate their relationship.