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Among the L2 skills, writing is considered one of the most emotion-wrought aspects of language learning due to the high level of students’ engagement and investment in the composing process. Nevertheless, many L2 teachers have neglected the psychological aspects of writing which can be traced to the profession’s history of emphasizing cognition over emotion. Positive Psychology principles highlight the fact that the students’ success in accomplishing educational tasks such as writing depends not only on their knowledge, effort and perseverance but also their psycho-emotional status. Accordingly, the present study, adopting a correlational design, investigated the associations between 40 Iranian EFL learners' writing performance and their perceptions of a set of positive psychology constructs. The required data were collected based on the students' performance on two essay writing tasks and their responses to the items of L2-specific academic buoyancy, L2 writing mindset and willingness to write questionnaires. The correlation coefficients indicated no statistically significant relationship between the students' writing performance and the positive psychology constructs investigated; nevertheless, there was a significant positive relationship between academic buoyancy and willingness to write variables. In addition, the multiple regression analysis showed that among the subscales of the positive psychology measures, the positive acceptance of academic life and regularity adaptation could best predict the writing performance of the students. The MANOVA results also indicated no statistically significant differences among more-skilled, moderately-skilled and less-skilled student writers in terms of academic buoyancy, mindset and willingness to write.
 

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Despite the particular importance of the subject of soil-structure interaction, unfortunately, this issue has received little attention from engineers, and seismic codes have not given much recommendation to consider its effects. Seismic wave frequencies vary continuously, and the stiffness of springs and damping of dampers connected to structural supports also vary with the loading frequency. To simplify time-domain numerical analysis, a constant target frequency can be used to keep stiffness and damping values constant. In the substructure method proposed in this study, the optimal target frequency is the one that yields results that most closely match those of a more accurate nonlinear 3D model analyzed using a direct method. A common simplification is to ignore the foundation’s non-linear response, justified by design requirements to prevent permanent deformation and the complexity of frequency-dependent soil behavior. Though not fully precise, this approach (considering soil heterogeneity and optimal target frequency) offers a forward-looking analysis and a basis for future nonlinear studies. This study presents a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model for analyzing the seismic response of soil-foundation-structure systems embedded in granular soil (with different relative densities) considering the effects of soil heterogeneity (With varying shear modulus with depth and compatible with the practical HSsmall model). The model is capable of accounting for the effects of loading frequency along with the radiation damping of the soil system and can integrate with the widely-used substructuring method considering an optimal target frequency. After verifying the proposed model, the dynamic equilibrium equations of the substructuring system were solved in the time domain using Matlab software. The target frequency was determined using i) Case 1: the fundamental frequency of the soil (or the dominant frequency of the excitations), ii) Case 2: the fundamental frequency of the structural system, iii) Case 3: the fundamental frequency of the soil-foundation-structure system; iv) Case 4: the fundamental frequency of structure with static stiffness and damping support (Case 4); and v) the fundamental frequency of fixed base structure and modified stiffness, and the results were compared together. A comparison of the impedance (dynamic stiffness and damping) of foundations situated on homogeneous and heterogeneous soil, as well as an investigation of the structural response in both cases, is another objective of this research. The analysis results demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed model and the acceptable calculation speed for estimating the dynamic response of structures located on heterogeneous soils under frequent operational earthquakes. The results also showed that with an increase in soil relative density, the seismic behavior of structures on homogeneous and heterogeneous granular soils converges. For instance, the response of the foundation on homogeneous soil bed with relative densities of 55%, 75%, and 95% is on average 23%, 19%, and 15% lower than that of heterogeneous soil, respectively. Additionally, for determining the target frequency, the use of frequency‐independent Kelvin–Voigt models (i.e., Cases 1-5) provides acceptable responses. According to the data presented in Table 4 and Figs. 9 and 10, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) The soil's fundamental frequency (Case 1) yielded the least precise results. 2) While Case 3 offered the most favorable response, closely matching the direct method, determining the soil-structure system's fundamental frequency through complex integration in numerical software is often impractical. 3) Employing the target frequency in Case 2 produced more satisfactory results than Case 1. 4) Cases 4 and 5 generated nearly identical frequencies. Compared to Case 2, these cases enhanced response accuracy, bringing them closer to the best response (i.e., Case 3). Therefore, for practical applications, it is recommended to utilize the fundamental frequency from either Case 4 or Case 5 instead of the soil-structure system's fundamental frequency (Case 3) to establish the optimal target frequency.
 

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Buried concrete tanks serve as critical components of public and military infrastructure, where structural damage can trigger severe social, security, and environmental crises. Consequently, designing these tanks to withstand shock loads from explosions is of paramount importance. Additionally, the behavior of layered clay soils under such loading conditions requires detailed examination. This study investigates the influence of burial depth on the performance of concrete tanks subjected to explosive loads in layered clay soils. The analysis was conducted using AUTODYN and FLAC 2D finite element software. Concrete tanks buried at depths of 3, 6, 8, and 10 meters were analyzed under surface explosions generated by 50, 100, and 200 kg of TNT, with defined pressure and distance parameters. The soil properties, structural characteristics, and internal fluid pressure were incorporated into the model. Results indicate that increasing the burial depth significantly reduces the displacement of the tank roof and floor due to the dissipation of explosion energy in the surrounding soil. For instance, with a 50 kg TNT charge, increasing the burial depth from 3 meters to 6, 8, and 10 meters resulted in roof displacement reductions of 54%, 70%, and 78%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the critical role of burial depth in enhancing structural resilience against explosive loads and mitigating damage.
 

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The main concern in fish transportation is minimizing stress during transportation. In this study, the effect of zeolite and clove essence in terms of transportation on survival and stress rainbow trout was investigated. 4 treatments (each treatment included 3 replicate) including control treatment, clove essence (25 mg/l), zeolite (14g/l) and clove essence (25mg/l) + (14g/l) were considered. 156 fish (with average weight 80 ± 4.4 g) were randomly distributed with a 130 kg/m3 density. At time zero, 6, 12 and 18 hours after starting transportation, survival rates, cortisol and glucose levels (as indicators of stress) were measured and analyzed. In the end, results showed a significant difference in the survival rates that control treatment had the lowest survival rates (P

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Drought is a climatic phenomenon that causes much detrimental influence on ecological environments. This research investigates the performance of meteorological drought indices in different time scales in theTajan basin in Iran. Indices undergone in this study include: Percent Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI), Z-Score Index (ZSI), Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), China Z Index (CZI), Modified CZI (MZCI), and Decile Precipitation Index (DPI). In this study, we used data of annual and monthly precipitation from meteorological stations in the basin. Drought indices were determined at time scales of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 year of minimum precipitation with very intense drought and the method of correlation coefficients between drought indices values and monthly precipitation. The results showed that DPI was the best index at annual time scale, while at the time scale of 1,6,12 and 24-months, PNPI was the best index. MCZI was the best index for time scales of 9 and 48-months, and the ZCI had the maximum efficiency for a three-month scale.

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Simin Daneshvar and Ahmed Mahmoud are two contemporary and famous writers who had paid great attention to the culture of the people. Their works are full of various elements of public culture and oral literature, in a way that the names of some of Daneshvar’s works like "Suvashun" and "Bakht Goshaie" are originated from the themes of public culture. Of course, in the works of both of them, there are common cultural themes that are expressed in different ways, and this difference whether expressed in terms of quantity or quality, is evident in the works of both writers. Precision in the way of life, gender, education and awareness and different characters of   the two authors can reveal their different manners of expressions, and with these different exceptions, level of precision and  national honor, as well as the love and hatred of each one can be diagnosed even at the different fictional space.

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Age structure, growth and mortality index of 661 specimens of spirlin, Alburnoides eichwaldii, from Shirood River in Mazandaran Province were studied during April 2011 to March 2012. The average total length, weight and age of the specimens were 68.33 ± 16.92 mm, 4.9 ± 3.2 g and 1.32 ± 0.86 years, respectively. The fish were in the age range of 0⁺ to 3⁺, of which the 0⁺ year specimens dominanted the age groups in the river. The largest specimen was 111.4 mm in length and a weight of 15.5 g. Comparing total length and weight of fish showed significant differences various ages (P < 0.05). Based on Pauly formula, population growth pattern was negatively allometric (b = 2.94). Based on von Bertalanffy growth equation using the FiSAT program, L_∞, K and t₀ were 12.08, 0.55, and -0.47, respectively. The growth performance index was up to 3.65.  Mortality indices for the fish were calculated as 2.41, 1.19 and 1.22, respectively for the total (Z), natural (M) and fishing (F). Considering the ecological, biological and ornamental value of spirlin as well as its vulnerabilty to serious environmental degradation, such studies may be useful in the protection of the species.

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Hesampour ,S. ,Ph.D.
Hasanli , K.  ,PH.D
 
Abstract:
 
Omar Khayyām is one of the most well known Iranian thinkers and medieval poets and his work has been internationally acclaimed. The limited number of his poems is counterbalanced by their deep meanings.
Various studies have been devoted to Omar Khayyām.  However, researchers and literary men alike have mostly focused their endeavors on analyzing the depth of his thoughts as to the inner secrets of the self, his rhetorical questions concerning human existence, its origins, ends and ultimate fate while leaving aside a very important constituent of Khayyām’s poetry, its aesthetics.   This lacuna led to the false impression that his poetry is structurally weak and not endowed with aesthetics elements.
 In this study, we showed the interconnectness and harmony of Khayyām’s artistic lexicon and imagery with its form and content.  Khayyām’s poetical aesthetics elements have been analyzed on three levels:
 1.Artistic relation between poetical elements
 2.Imagery
3. Emphasis and repetition.
 
 

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The stability of recombinant proteins has become an increasingly important as more protein therapeutics are developed.In this study, the stability of recombinant human interferon gamma was investigated under storage condition for 0-9 months after production time at 4 and 25℃. The evaluation of biological activity, covalent dimerization, deamidation and oxidation of protein was done by cell culture, HPLC and SDS- PAGE. The results showed represents that antiviral activity was not decreased at 4℃ but decreased as temperature increased to 25℃. The inormation rate of deamidated and oxidized forms and covalent dimers at 25℃ was more rapid than 4℃. Therefore, rhIFN-γ has high stability at 4℃ comparing to 25℃.

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Papain (EC2.22.4.3) is a thiol protease with high level of activity that has widespread industrial applications. The use of immobilized papain provides many advantages over its free form. In many applications, cysteine must be added as an activator. On the other hand, certain bivalent metal ions including Ca²⁺ behave as the inhibitors of papaein. In the present study, after preparation of Sepharose 6B with CNBr, a 5 mg/ml-protein solution was added to activate the gel for covalent attachment of enzyme and, subsequently, 2M glycine solution was added to block the remaining active groups on the gel.  The immobilization process brought about significant enhancement of storage, thermal stability, stability at extreme pHs, and resistance against the inhibitory effect of bivalent metal ions with respect to papain. The optimum temperature of papain was increased by 20 °C (from 60 to 80 °C) and its optimum pH was shifted from 7 to 8.0 upon immobilization. Also k_m and k_cat of the enzyme altered due to the immobilization process.These results are important in particular if one considers that the major problem in enzyme immobilization is the loss of enzyme activity and catalytic efficiency.

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Among different models for runoff estimation in watershed management, the Soil Conservation Services-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method along with its modifications have been widely applied to ungauged watersheds because of quickly and more accurate estimation of surface runoff. This approach has been widely accepted by hydrologists, water resources planners, foresters, and engineers, as well. Therefore, this work was aimed to estimate the curve number using CN-values through several methods viz. SCS, Sobhani (1975), Hawkins et al. (1985), Chow et al. (1988), Neitsch et al. (2002) and Mishra et al. (2008) in Bar Watershed, Iran. According to the results, the Neitsch formula showed the best performance for estimating the Curve Number in situation with low (CNI) and high (CNIII) antecedent moisture conditions. However, the weakest performance was related to Mishra (2008) in CNI and CNIII-conversions. The weakest performance was resulted from the exponential form of the Neitsch et al. formula and the variable meteorological conditions of the Bar Watershed over the year.

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Constructionof underground dams is a practical solution to save groundwater in alluvium watersheds, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where surface water scarcity is an environmental challenge. Considering socio-economic and environmental benefits of underground dams, the accurate locating is the primary consideration for dam construction. The new technologies and methods are a step toward the proper locating to reduce the risk of underground dam construction. In this study, two methods,decision making and geographic information system (GIS) were used for locating suitable places for underground dam construction in Hamedan-Bahar watershed where water shortage has been a serious problem during the last decade. In the first step, the effective factors in locating and construction of the dams underground were identified, and then their GIS information layers were created. The primary selection maps of suitable sites were provided using Boolean logic method in ArcGIS software. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was then applied in EXPERT CHOISE. In the next step, the results of Boolean logic and AHP methods were overlapped to provide the final selection map. A consistency rate of 0.06, showed a relatively high accuracy of weighting process. Considering the normal weights, geology and distance of well, springs and qantas were found to be the most and the least effective criteria, respectively. Furthermore, the final selection map suggested the surrounding area and the outlet of the plain as the most suitable sites for dam construction.

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The present research was planned to evaluate the skill of linear stochastic models known as ARIMA and multiplicative Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model in the quantitative forecasting of the Standard Runoff Index (SRI) in Karkheh Basin. To this end, SRI was computed in monthly and seasonal time scales in 10 hydrometric stations in 1974-75 to 2012-13 period of time and then the modeling of SRI time series was done to forecast the one to six months of lead-time and up to two seasons of lead-time. The SRI values related to 1974-75 to 1999-2000 were used to develop the model and the residual data (2000-2001 to 2012-13) were used in model validation. In the validation stage, the observed and the predicted values of SRI were compared using correlation coefficient, error criteria and statistical tests. Finally, models skills were determined in view point of forecasting of lead-time and the time scale of drought evaluation. Results showed that the model accuracy in forecasting two months and one season of lead-time was high. In terms of the forecasting of SRI values, the skill of SARIMA in monthly time scale (with a RMSE and a MAE of 0.61 and 0.45 respectively and a correlation coefficient average of 0.72) was better than its skill in seasonal time scale. The application of SARIMA in monthly time scale was therefore preferred to its application in seasonal time scale.

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Based on the macro-invertebrate community and physico-chemical indices, water quality of the Tajan River in 6 stations along 80 km of the river length was assessed. Monthly sampling was conducted for one year (September 2011 to August 2012), using a surber with 30.5 × 30.5 cm dimensions and a 60μ mesh net for the benthic invertebrates sampling. The identified macro-invertebrates belonged to 31 families, 12 orders and 5 classes, the highest and the lowest abundance of which belonged to Psychodidae and Chironomidae, respectively. Based on Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index, the research stations were classified into 4 qualitative categories, viz. excellent, good, fair, and fairly poor. Stations 1 and 5, respectively, showed the highest and lowest HFBI index. The highest and the lowest values for the Shannon–Weiner index were recorded in station 1 and station 2, respectively. The results of physicochemical parameters indicated  reduced dissolved oxygen in the stations 2 and 5, and increased TDS in station 2 and 1 and increased nitrite and ammonium in station 3. Results of Spearman correlation coefficients between biotic indices and physicochemical variables revealed significant relationship between DO, TDS, EC, PO₄ and water flow with HFBI and Shannon-Weiner indices. This study showed, generally pollution in stations 2 and 5 has reduced water quality in these station's.

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The effect of two salinity concentrations (35 and 40 ‰) on the daily feeding and burrowing activities of the sea cucumber, Holothuria parva was investigated, using the nutritional parameters (intestinal  indices, organic materials, and the absorption efficiency). Although no significant difference between the initial and final sections of the intestinal gut of sea cucumbers in two saline conditions was found, the maximum level of intestinal indices, organic material and absorption efficiency was associated with the 40‰ salinity. The survey results displayed that sea cucumber had better feeding activity in 40‰ than 35‰ salinity.  

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Aim: This research has tried to study the relationship of loneliness, perceived social support, thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness with suicide among Iranian university students.
Methods: The participants of the study included a pool of 315 Iranian university students who were randomly chosen from the students studying in 2015-2016. The study design was correlational and cross-sectional. Data were collected through using four instruments: Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA), and Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and step-wise regression were conducted.
Findings: The findings revealed that while the males scored higher in both factors of thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness, the females possessed greater amount of loneliness and higher rate of perceived social support as compared to their male counterparts. Moreover, although no significant difference was found between marital status and suicide, single people showed more burdensomeness whereas married people felt higher amount of loneliness as well as higher perceived social support.
Conclusion: Finally, based on the results, we can conclude that interpersonal psychological theory of suicide is moderately helpful in predicting and explaining suicidal behaviors in students.

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The impact of meteorological and hydrological drought on groundwater resources in coastal deserts in the south of Iran was investigated during 1991-2011, using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Runoff Index (SRI), and Groundwater Resources Index (GRI). The results indicated that wet and drought spells governed the area in the first and second decades, respectively, which was similarly reflected by the three indices; GRI had a good correlation with SPI and SRI in 48-month time scale. This correlation was simultaneously in the eastern and western coasts and with a 6 months delay in the central plains. The findings can help to provide reasonable managerial strategy in relation to water resources management in the coastal plains.

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One of the most important Turkish tribe in Iran is Qashqai. This tribe has had its own culture, literature and language. It seems that in the process of modernization and Homogenization in Iran, this culture especially its literature is vanishing. Then, it is necessary to do some researches to protect it from being destroyed. Qashqai tribe has rich oral literature and culture whose stories are a part of it. Since up to now, no study with structural approach has been performed on these stories; we have examined ten stories as case study. The Methodology of the study is based on morphological model of Vladimir Propp, Russian formalist researcher. For this purpose, at first, all stories are analyzed and then each story’s model is mentioned with combination of their motions. This study shows that Qashqai tribe’s stories has the ability of structural study and to great extent is compatible with Iranian stories.