@article{ author = {AbbasnejadSeresti, Rahmat and Rezaei, Mehdi}, title = {Analysis of Transitional Process from Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in Balageriveh, Lorestan, Iran}, abstract ={Lorestan’s Balageriveh, is a lowland passage area, located in between two rivers, Dez and Kashkan in South Central Zagros; the area itself is divided into three parts, northern, southern and central. In previous studies in Lorestan, a form of complete shift was depicted from sedentary lifestyle to a mobile one, in transition between the Late Chalcolithic and the Middle Bronze Age. Central Balageriveh is important to be studied on this matter due to its central position among Susiana (Elam), Central Zagros, Bakhtiyari region, Posht Kouh and Mesopotamia, as well as paleoclimatology and archaeological studies conducted over there. Due to the above reasons, the present study has taken into account paleoclimatology and archaeological data, the transition process from Chalcolithic Cultures to the Bronze Age, a change in settlement patterns and the role of socio-economic and environmental changes in this pattern alteration. The findings indicated that long-time climatic change which occurred in the middle of 4th millennium B.C. in the region cannot be regarded as the cause of the complete cultural gap and the change of settlement pattern at the time. Instead, it seems that with the collapse of the Uruk System and its commercial organization, the areas like Balageriveh which were intermediary in this commercial network, lost their charm. When people like Kura-Araxes, on whom some would put the blame of the Uruk collapse as they were mobile pastoralists, settled in some areas which the previous power had lived, the commercial paths withered and Balageriveh’s intermediary role diminished and instead due to socio-political reasons, the lowland characteristics of the area became highlighted and the change in settlement pattern occurred.}, Keywords = {Central Balageriveh, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Uruk, Mobile Lifestyle.}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-25429-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-25429-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Barikloo, Ali Reza and AlEshaqKhueyni, Zahr}, title = {The Place of Consolidation Principle in Family Law}, abstract ={Stability and instability of family, as the most important and fundamental social organ, has significant effect on the destiny of a society. The increasing rate of divorce, including legal or emotional ones, is a major social dilemma where the role of family cannot be ignored in fixing it. This is a problem that can be solved by altering the approach of lawmakers i.e. an approach based on 'Consolidation Principle' leads to the stability of family. In other words, this as a general legal principle has been in line with the Sharia law. Based on this principle, whatever causes the family stability is accepted and is in accordance with the religious decree and whatever leads to instability and shakiness of the family foundation is hateful and unaccepted. The consolidation principle is based on rationality, expediency, notoriety and necessity. Similarly, this principle, in clerical way from accessories to totalities, is based on the holy Qur’an and Islamic Traditions.}, Keywords = {Family Stability, Family Instability, Consolidation Principle, Rights}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-37}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44323-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44323-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Esmaielpanahi, Abdolhamid and Poshtdar, Ali Mohammad and Gitiforuz, Ali Mohammad and Yazdani, Hossain and Parishani, Zib}, title = {Review of Este\'areh and its Difference from Metaphor}, abstract ={Este’areh is one of the most important poetic devices and of portraiture elements in carrying imagination in poetry to an extreme. History of this rhetorical topic dates back to Aristotle's Poetics and the topic of Este'areh in Arabic and Persian literature emanates from the same source. English equivalent of Este'areh is Metaphor. But, are these two exactly the same or they differ from each other? Here, pointing out the opinions of Sakkaki and Jorjani, the definition of Este'areh and its various types are given briefly first; then its difference from Metaphor is investigated. The result of the investigation is that although Metaphor, too, is a variation of metaphoric expression, its aim is not expression of beauty of simile, but transfer of meaning. Este'areh and Metaphor differ from each other because the former is based on simile and similarity, but the latter is based on "free association."}, Keywords = {Este'areh, Metaphor, Simile, Imagery, Lakeoff, Association}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {38-51}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44324-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44324-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Fattahizadeh, Fathiyeh and Zakeri, Marzieh}, title = {Kāshif al-Ghiṭā\'s Methodology in Criticism of New Testament (Christianity (}, abstract ={This paper explores the method Allāmeh Muhammad Husayn Kāshif al-Ghiṭā, a famous Muslim theorist of the 18-19th centuries, employed in his critique of Christianity. Although, his method for looking into the Bible is similar to that of Christian and Jewish scholars, his assumptions and results are different. Based on his viewpoints on the Bible, he believes in impeccable revelations. He examined superstructure, namely accuracy of attribution of books and pamphlets to their authors as well as personality and credibility of Jesus Christ’s disciples and apostles. Lack of credibility of the twelve original disciples of Jesus Christ and unreliability of the Gospels are proved. Moreover, he has carefully examined the content as infrastructure of the New Testament. As such, incongruities can be observed between the New Testament and the Old Testament. There are contradictions in the Bible itself. He prefers to apply argumentative tactic for general readers. In addition, his application of comparative step in his critique is considerable. This paper studies Kāshif al-Ghiṭā's approach to review the Bible in order to figure out Muslim scholars' viewpoints on the Christianity.}, Keywords = {Methodology, Kāshif al-Ghiṭā, Christianity, The New Testament, The Bible}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {52-66}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44325-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44325-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Maftouni, Nadi}, title = {Comparing and Contrasting Fictional Treatises of Ibn Tufail and Suhrawardi}, abstract ={The term ‘SciArt’ refers to bilateral relations between art and science, including artistically-inclined science, science-minded art, and intertwined SciArt activities. In this definition, different disciplines from metaphysics to physics are reckoned as science, as different types of art- from literature to music are counted as art. The SciArt approach, in the fields of philosophical inquiry, can be accounted for by Farabi’s works. As Farabi holds, rational well-being and rational truths just might be brought to mind of people via imagery and analogy. In Islamic philosophy, two representatives of the field are Ibn Tufail and Suhrawardi. I will compare and contrast the main characters of these two major figures in chronological order. Plus a few more philosophical and mystical issues Ibn Tufail developed in scientific matters like anatomy, autopsy, and vivisection in the non-allegorical style. Contrary to Ibn Tufail, Suhrawardi explains mystical vs. philosophical problems in his fictions, using the allegorical style. He represents the world of spheres and the sublunary realm by a variety of imageries like nine shells, eleven layers of a basin, and eleven mountains. Both Ibn Tufail and Suhrawardi use fictional manner to explain mystical as well as philosophical themes.}, Keywords = {Fictional, Literal, Metaphorical, Rationality, Imagery}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {67-76}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44326-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44326-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {ShekariNiri, Jav}, title = {An Inquiry into Maragheh Observatory: The First International Scientific-Research Foundation of the Ilkhanid Era}, abstract ={The Maragheh observatory site was excavated in 1970. Prior to the excavation, there was very little known about this architectural masterpiece. The observatory was constructed on the top of a hill called "Rasad Dāghi". In fact, Samarkand and Jaipur observatories had derived the idea and astronomical units from the Maragheh construction. So, we can use those as comparisons while aiming to better understand and interpret the existing works in order to properly reconstruct the Maragheh observatory. Compared to similar monuments in India, the Maragheh observatory can be renovated only using the Maragheh architectural units. Comparing existing evidence of observation, including archaeological, historical and scientific evidence, will lead us to better understand the realities of the original design. With the reference to the architecture of the existing ancient observatories, the hypothesis was that through a comparative study, an architectural algorithm/pattern could be found and used to determine the shape and arrangement of the Maragheh observatory. The main objective here is to compare the historical and archaeological evidence of Iran's observation instruments with other countries in order to develop the knowledge of Archaeoastronomy. The sky and astronomical phenomenon provided the tools for time reckoning, calendar organization and celestial navigation that supported those human voyages.}, Keywords = {Maragheh Observatory, Jantar Mantar, Samanid Temple, Archaeoastronomy, Samarkand Observatory}, volume = {25}, Number = {1}, pages = {77-93}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44327-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44327-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khorashadi, Sorour and Mousavi, Seyed Mehdi}, title = {How did Kartir become Kartir?}, abstract ={The empowerment of Zoroastrian Magi as a social class was intertwined with the emperors’ power to the extent that the political power of Magi can be regarded as a discontinued historical process with ups and downs. This paper attempts to reassess an apparent contrast between historical narratives and archeological findings (e.g. rock reliefs) concerning the political empowerment of Zoroastrian Magi in the beginning of Sassanid Empire until the reign of Narseh. According to the historical narratives, the Sassanid founding fathers, Ardashir and his Successor Shapur I, emphasized ecumenism (i.e. the possession of political sovereignty and religious power by emperor.) However, according to the rock reliefs of the 3rd century, shortly after Shapur I, with the rise of Bahram I, a structural split occurred between the emperor’s power as the sovereign and the power of Magi. Bahram I’s reign is the first historical period in which Zoroastrian Magi, represented as a social class, obtained a political superiority. Roughly speaking, in this epoch which spanned for almost two decades (the reign of Bahram I, Bahram II, and Bahram III,) one institutionalized reading of Zoroastrianism developed by an elite Magi, i.e. “Kartir”, became dominant over others and turned steadily into the Imperial religion. The above contrast can be formulated, as follows: given the fact that an ecumenical power is the ultimate form of sovereignty in a monarch system, why and how a Kartir could gain authoritatively a significant share of power? Through adopting an historical approach, the authors pursue the roots of answer in three related political phenomena: First, the quarrel between Bahram I and Narseh; second, the trial and the execution of Mani the prophet; and third, the institutionalization of Zoroastrianism as the Imperial religion.  }, Keywords = {Zoroastrian Clergy, Ecumenism, Kartir, Bahram I, Narseh, Bahram II, Bahram III.}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-28479-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-28479-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NajafiBarzegar, Karim and Tavassoli, Sina and Geravand, Behroz}, title = {Historical Criticism and Review of Persian Language and Literature in Pakistan with Emphasis on its Effects on Iranian Studies}, abstract ={Persian language and literature have a presence of about one thousand years in the Indian subcontinent. The growth of this language is indebted to Ghourid rulers whose mother tongue was Persian. However, we should not be negligent of the significant role of great Iranian Sufis and mystics such as Ali Ibn Othman Hojviri, Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti and Sayyed Ali Hamadani. The necessity of a research about the continuation and growth of Persian language in Pakistan is due to the questions as when this language and literature found its way and what is their importance in this country, as well as to what extent they have influenced Urdu and eventually their effects on Iranian studies. The research method is based on the review of historical documents with emphasis on numerous manuscripts kept in national and private libraries in Pakistan. The outcome of this research shows that the strength and solidity of Urdu is in critical need of more manuscript sources and stone-print documents for better understanding of spiritual culture, historical and public identity of Pakistan and seriously demands preservation of the ancient heritage of this region and production of new sources for the modern history and culture of Pakistan. Persian language and its heritage no doubt have a great share in this regard.}, Keywords = {Pakistan, Iranian Studies, Persian Language, Manuscripts}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44328-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44328-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khosravi, Roghayeh and Azman, Azlinda and Khosravi, Sahar and Khosravi, Nim}, title = {Addressing Mental Health Issues of International Students at University Sains Malaysia: An Inquiry for Social Work Policy and Practice}, abstract ={In comparison with similar age groups in the general population, students who are studying in universities are more at risk of having mental health problems. Surprisingly, several studies reveal that international students are highly affected by mental health issues than their local counterparts. Seemingly, it is more related to their decision to study overseas that might present them several challenges, including mental health issues. Malaysian universities host a substantial number of international students but the issue of international students’ mental health lack substantial attention there. The current research applying a mixed method, aims to address the mental health issues of newly registered international students at Universiti Sains Malaysia. In-depth discussion on the study findings’ implications for practice, policy, and research for social work profession will be addressed in this research paper.}, Keywords = {International Students, Mental Health, Anxiety, Depression, Social Dysfunction}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {31-43}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44329-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44329-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khorshidian, Raika and SadeghiNaeini, Hassan and Fahimifar, Asghar}, title = {Pleasurable Experience in Old Collectivist and New Individualist Generations in Iran: Reviving “Safa” as Culture-oriented Pleasure to Decrease Generation Gap}, abstract ={Shifting from collectivism to individualism has changed pleasure types along time and created a generation gap in Iran. So, how can the post-colonial design mix positive aspects of old collective and new individualist pleasure as a cultural builder and catalyst for change? The purpose of this research is finding culture-oriented pleasure which can decrease generation gap and make a more peaceful pleasurable experience for both collectivists and individualists. We suggested a counterpoint instead of the hegemony of collectivism or individualism. For decreasing the generation gap we proposed: Applying behavioral design for promoting and reviving socio-pleasure among young and old people; balancing between psychological pleasure (with respect to the other's choice, creativity and diversity (Individualism)) and normative pleasures (with respect to unanimous ethnic and cultural norms (collectivism)). As a suggestion “Safa” can introduce a culture-oriented pleasure which may satisfy both sides. It means hedonism, pleasure, calm, change hatred to love, honesty, treatment, purity, enlightening, sublime, and also sympathy, friendship, sincerity and unification of spirits. Safa refundable in different forms of Iranian arts, artifacts, texts, proverbs and behaviors and can be defined as a positive cultural design approach.}, Keywords = {Cultural Dimension, Emotional Design, Pleasurable Experience, Post-colonial Theory, Safa}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {44-60}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44330-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44330-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Maleki, Amir and Javadi, Alimohammad and Zahedi, Mohammad javad and Ahmadi, Yaughoub}, title = {Political Culture: A Survey in the City of Tehran}, abstract ={This study investigates political culture in the city of Tehran, focusing on three of its domains including typology of political culture, classification and typology of political citizens, as well as examination of some variables affecting political culture in Iran. The applied research method is in the form of a survey and questionnaire-based data. The study sample size includes 612 citizens residing in Tehran in 2018. Findings show that most citizens are tended to a subject- parochial political culture. It is indicated that political variables i.e. the cost of political activity, government officials’ responsiveness, and institutional political trust are effective on political culture. Using cluster method, the citizens were divided into four categories: critical, obedient, unmotivated, and disappointed. Political culture factors are categorized in three groups by analyzing exploratory factors. These are: pluralistic, value, and involvement -behavioral. Findings show that, citizens have been grown higher in pluralistic, and with value aspects, but are in a low level with behavioral aspect, and this factor could be effective on political culture's type.  }, Keywords = {Political Culture, Participant Political Culture, Subject Political Culture, Parochial Political Culture, Political Citizens.}, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {61-76}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-28673-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-28673-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Torkzadeh, Jafar and Jahani, Jafar and Razi, Elham}, title = {The Mediating Role of Response to Environment in the Relationship between Organizational Solidarity and External Image}, abstract ={This study aims to predict the relationship between organizational solidarity and external image in Iranian technical and vocational training organization with mediating role of response to environment. Research population include employees and stakeholders all of organizations. As such, 224 people from each group were selected as sample through multistage cluster sampling as well as available sampling methods in the southwestern Iranian province of Fars. Research instruments used in this study include a set of questionnaires on organizational solidarity, response to environment and external image which were distributed among samples and collected after calculating their reliability and validity. Results showed that organizational solidarity is the positive and significant predictor of external image and the power of response to environment. In addition, this showed that organizational solidarity with a mediating role of response to environment is a positive and significant predictor of external image.  }, Keywords = {Organizational Solidarity, Response to Environment, External Image, Technical and Vocational Training Organization }, volume = {25}, Number = {2}, pages = {77-89}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-18771-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-18771-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Bozorgian, Hossei}, title = {Teachers’ Attitudes towards the Use of MALL Instruction in Iranian EFL Context}, abstract ={This study sets out to explore English as foreign language (EFL) and Iranian teachers' attitudes ‎towards the implementation of MALL instruction. For that matter, a mixed-methods design, ‎including questionnaires, structured interviews and observation were employed. A total of 87 ‎EFL teachers participated in the questionnaire, which was the quantitative phase of the study. ‎In addition, 10 EFL teachers were interviewed and their classes were observed for the ‎qualitative phase of the study. The participant EFL teachers have been teaching at a number of ‎universities and language-teaching institutions in Mazandaran. One-sample t-test was used to ‎analyze the questionnaire data and the results suggested that the Iranian EFL teachers adopted ‎moderately positive attitudes towards the implementation of MALL instruction, but the ‎observation data indicated that most teachers preferred traditional ways of teaching English in ‎the EFL context. At the same time, the interview data revealed that the implementation of ‎MALL instruction in Iran is challenging due to a number of perceived barriers and obstacles. ‎The most considerable perceived challenges to the implementation of MALL instruction ‎comprise lack of online facilities and resources, lack of interaction in online instruction, and ‎teachers’ limited knowledge of online instruction. The findings provide crucial insights into ‎teachers’ attitudes towards integrating MALL into their EFL classroom instruction in Iran. ‎}, Keywords = {EFL teachers, Attitude, Mobile learning, TAM}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44331-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44331-en.docx}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sardabi, Narges and Biria, Reza and AmeriGolestan, Ahm}, title = {Becoming an EFL Teacher: Prospective Teachers’ Professional Identity in a Critical Teacher Education Program}, abstract ={Transmission-based teacher education programs have mostly dominated the field of teaching English as a foreign language. Considering the prominent position of critical pedagogical principles in prospective teachers’ perceptions of their professional roles and responsibilities, there is a need for detailed investigations of teacher education programs informed by the tenets of critical pedagogy in prospective teachers’ professional identity. There has been a paucity of research that addresses the impact of such programs on prospective teachers’ professional identity in an EFL context; therefore, this study intends to address the gap. This qualitative study was conducted to examine the role of a critical-informed teacher education program in influencing prospective EFL teachers’ professional identity construction. Participants were 19 prospective teachers whose process of professional identity construction were analysed through reflective journals, class discussions, and semi-structured interviews before and after the program. Results of the study revealed three major shifts in prospective teachers’ professional identity: “from a student’s voice to a teacher’s voice”, “from an uncritical attitude to developing agency”, “from a narrow view of ELT to a broad view”. To foster critical ideas in EFL prospective teachers, the study recommends the use of dialogic discussions and written reflective tasks in teacher education programs.}, Keywords = {Critical pedagogy, Critical pedagogy-informed (CP-informed) teacher education, Professional identity, Prospective teachers}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {19-32}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44332-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44332-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Elahi, Roya and Nojoumian, AmirAli}, title = {The Uncanny Gender: Gender and the Unrepresentability of Subject Formation in Margaret Atwood\'s Surfacing and Bodily Harm}, abstract ={This article is an attempt to study subject formation in relation to gender in Margaret Atwood's (1939-    ) Surfacing (1979) and Bodily Harm (1983) within the frame of the uncanny. The issue of gender has been discussed in Atwood's novels from different perspectives but this article claims that what have been rarely discussed in Atwood's novels are the unrepresentable realities in relation to gender which can be foregrounded by dislodging the uncanny. The uncanny which was once a rather  minor issue in Freudian oeuvre has been reconsidered in the contemporary era by prominent thinkers, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Julia Kristeva whose ideas are used in elaborating the unrepresentability of gender in this article. The idea of the female sublime is the most significant issue in the context of the uncanny in this article which challenges any representational system of gender formation and problematizes our preconceived hence familiar perceptions of gender formation and reevaluates them in an unfamiliar, dynamic and unrepresentable space.  }, Keywords = {The Uncanny, the Female Sublime, the unrepresentable, gender, Margaret Atwood}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {33-48}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44333-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44333-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Pourgharib, Behzad and Kiani, Somayeh and Ziadbakhsh, Sepideh}, title = {The Honor of Being Colonized: A Bhabhaian Reading of Elif Shafak’s Honour}, abstract ={The present paper examines Elif Shafak’s 2011 novel Honour based on Bhabhaian concepts of hybridity and unhomeliness. Bhabha broached the idea of hybridity in order to address the social dimensions of postcolonial analyses.4 Hybridity occurs when the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized blurs various boundaries. Bhabha explores the possibility of a hybrid space to elucidate the recollections of migrants and their unhomeliness. He defines hybrid identity as one constructed through relocation and separation in the contact zone. In fact, it is in a third space of enunciation in which every thought by both the colonizer and the colonized finds a means of expression or exchange. Using concepts of hybridity and unhomeliness to delve into Shafak's Honour, this research concludes that within the social and cultural structures and discourse of their ‘new’ country, diasporic characters feel unhomed and struggle to fill gaps and redefine their identities. The paper argues that characters in the novel seek refuge in diasporic communities to counter stereotypes. Their attempts, however, result in new experiences and feelings of isolation, nostalgia, insecurity, split self, and a sense of being out of place.}, Keywords = {Post-colonialism, Homi Bhabha, Unhomeliness, Elif Shafak, Honour}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {49-62}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44334-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44334-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Shabani, Mohammad Bagher and Alibakhshi, Goudarz and Bahremand, Alireza and Karimi, Ali Rez}, title = {In-service Professional Development Scale for EFL Teachers: A Validation Study}, abstract ={In- service professional development activities seem to be of much significance to teachers who face challenges in teaching or teaching related issues such assessment and curriculum development. Despite the rich literature review of teachers' professional development, in-service professional development needs of EFL teachers have not been assessed yet. The present study aimed at developing and validating an in-service professional development needs scale for EFL teachers. In doing so, a mixed research method was used.  In the qualitative phase, the professional development needs were explored through interviewing with 20 EFL teachers who were selected through purposive sampling. In the quantitative phase, the professional development scale was submitted to 220 teachers. Data were analyzed through running exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Results showed that extracted professional development needs were reduced to four main areas: a) teaching, communication skills and assessment, b) educational psychology and technology, c) material development, and d) language and meta-language skills. The findings can be used by language schools and educational centers to provide EFL teachers with the most urgent professional development needs.}, Keywords = {In-service training, Teacher development, EFL Teachers, Professional Development}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {63-78}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44335-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44335-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Tajeddin, Zia and Rezanejad, Atefeh}, title = {Intercultural teaching in L2 classrooms: Exploring English language teachers’ beliefs}, abstract ={With increasing intercultural communication among people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, the integration of language and culture has recently been foregrounded in language education. This has led to a growing need for studies on intercultural communicative competence. To address this need, this study aimed to afford an insight into the beliefs of 20 Iranian language teachers on intercultural language teaching (ICLT). Based on a mixed-method design, two different instruments were used to collect the data. First, an ICLT questionnaire which included 12 items was administered to 20 teachers. This study also used semi-structured interviews to obtain an in-depth understanding of the EFL teachers’ attitudes toward ICLT. The findings from the questionnaire revealed that the teachers were favorably disposed toward ICLT and thought that culture teaching is as important as language teaching. They believed that language teachers are required to inform the learners of intercultural issues. Also, the thematic content analysis of the interviews led to the discovery of four main themes, namely definition of culture, ICLT and its significance, challenges in ICLT, and sources used by the teachers to improve their intercultural knowledge. However, many teachers’ responses in the interviews indicated some degree of uncertainty regarding the concept of ICLT, as they were not confident how to integrate language and culture or how to deal with challenges in implementation of ICLT. These findings imply as the teachers’ perceptions would guide their practices in the classroom, more attention needs to be devoted to the inclusion of ICLT-related topics in language teacher education courses to equip the teachers with requisite skills and expertise.}, Keywords = {Intercultural communicative competence, Intercultural language teaching, Language teacher perceptions, Non-native teachers, Intercultural awareness}, volume = {25}, Number = {3}, pages = {79-97}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44336-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44336-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Abbasabadi, Mahmood Moradi and Shakerkhoshroud, Mohamm}, title = {Macro and Micro Motivational Strategies Used in EFL Classrooms: A Case of Iranian EFL Teachers}, abstract ={Literature review shows that there has been a plethora of studies on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' motivation for teaching and the role which they play in motivating learners. However, it seems that types of motivational strategies employed by EFL teachers to motivate EFL learners in language institutes in Iran have not been sufficiently studied. In so doing, a qualitative research method was used and 25 EFL teachers who were selected through purposive sampling were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Results showed that EFL teachers use six macro strategies: L2 related values, teaching behaviors/teaching styles, appreciating learners' effort, prompting learner autonomy, Classroom atmosphere, and increasing learners' confidence.  Each macro-strategy consists of several micro-strategies. Totally, 36 micro-strategies are used by EFL teachers to motivate EFL learners. It can be concluded that besides establishing and creating appropriate learning conditions, EFL teachers use both instrumental and integrative motivations to motivate EFL learners.}, Keywords = {EFL Teachers, Motivational Strategies, EFL Classrooms, Motivation}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-17}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44343-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44343-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Mohammad Nabi and Mozaffar, Mohse}, title = {A Mixed-Method Inquiry into Three Techniques of Data-gathering in Language Teacher Supervision: Video-taping, Audio-taping and Field notes}, abstract ={Teacher supervision has been one of the most researched, though debated, topics in education over the past several decades (Baily, 2009). Conducting a high quality supervision can be of substantial assistance in improving teachers’ instructional performance. This study was conducted to investigate the comparative effects of using three supervision techniques of data gathering including field note, audio-taping and video-taping on instructional performances of teachers and investigate the engaged parties’ (teachers’ and supervisors’) attitudes towards utilizing them in language teacher supervision. To this end, 12 novice teachers with less than one year of teaching experience and two experienced supervisors with 12 years of teaching and supervising experience participated in the study. The teachers were divided into three groups each supervised through one of the aforementioned techniques. The results revealed that video-taping technique of teacher supervision has the most significant effects on teachers’ instructional performance. Besides, teachers and supervisors have positive attitudes towards applying this technique for the data-gathering phase of supervision.}, Keywords = {Teacher Supervision, Teacher Observation, Teacher Instructional Performance, Data-Gathering Techniques, Teacher Supervision}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {18-40}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44344-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44344-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zakeri, Jamal and Kiany, Gholam Reza and Baradaran, Abdollah}, title = {Model, Instrument, and Procedure: Do We Need to Have Second Thoughts about the Evaluation Process of English Language Institutes?}, abstract ={To launch an evidence source for successive judgment and decision making, program evaluation of any educational institute is an indispensable process, and language institutes are not the exceptions. In an attempt to propose a solution for a fundamental problem as the lack of a standard evaluation program for English language institutes, this study used a new method to be implemented in the context of ‘English language institutes (ELIs)’ of Iran. In this country, evaluation of nongovernmental centers, including ELIs, is carried out by the Ministry of Education (ME) using a performance evaluation framework which mainly collects the required data through a survey form (locally known as ‘Form 322’).  We adopted and applied the survey form 322 into developing a specific questionnaire. Ninety ELIs administrators of Mazandaran were surveyed through an instrument that was piloted and validated through the obtained data. The extracted results from the questionnaire were sorted into the categories of “validation”, “improvement”, “redesigning”, and “researchers’ opinion”. The results showed that the original form, long used in the country, needs to be redesigned. To cross-validate the obtained data and the emerging results, fifteen volunteers from the participating institutes were interviewed for their ideas through Skype and direct interview. Consistent with the results, not only for Iran are an online platform and a standard evaluation and monitoring process recommended, but also an international integrated performance evaluation standard is strongly suggested for English language institutes.}, Keywords = {English language Institute, Program evaluation, International Standard, Iran}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {42-64}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44345-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44345-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Nezakatgoo, Behz}, title = {Iranian EFL Teachers’ Professional Development Activities for Teaching Literacy}, abstract ={The present research is an attempt to investigate Iranian EFL teachers’ professional development activities for teaching literacy. In this regard, experience, gender, and major of the EFL teachers in the Iranian institutes were taken into account. 268 EFL teachers (n=268) were randomly selected from among the teachers of English teaching in different language institutes in the east and center of Tehran (N=2700), based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table of sample size selection. The EFL teachers taking part in the present study received the Novice and Experienced Teacher Questionnaire (Rodríguez & McKay, 2010) based on which the researcher could diagnose if they were a novice or experienced. Then, they were asked to fill out the questionnaires of novice and experienced teacher questionnaire (Rodríguez & McKay, 2010) and teachers’ professional development questionnaire (Scheerens, 2010). The data were collected and analyzed via SPSS software; version 24, and then reported and checked against the quantitative research questions of the study. The results revealed that professional development is considered significant by both novice and experienced EFL teachers. However, the more experienced ones pay more attention to the activities which could pave the way for their promotion. In this regard, the teachers with English majors showed more interest in making use of PD activities, while no significant difference was found between the male and female teachers in this regard. The findings have implications for the EFL educational context.}, Keywords = {EFL Teachers, Professional Development, Teaching Literacy}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {65-76}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44346-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44346-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {EghtesadiRoudi, Ahmadreza and Asefi, Hengameh}, title = {Job Engagement of Iranian English Language Teachers: Examining the Role of Emotional Intelligence as a Personal Resource}, abstract ={With the shift of research attention from human malfunctioning to human optimal functioning in the workplace, job engagement which is regarded the opposite of job burnout has attracted researchers’ attention in organizational psychology. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the predictive role of emotional intelligence (EI) as a personal resource in determining levels of job engagement among Iranian English language teachers within job demands-resources model (JD-R). To this end, 442 English language teachers who were teaching in both public and private contexts were selected through non-probability convenience sampling and were surveyed regarding their demographic information, the perception of their levels of job engagement and emotional intelligence through a demographic questionnaire, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), and emotional intelligence scale. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that after controlling for the effect of demographic variables, there were significant positive predicting relationships between two emotional intelligence subscales of management of own emotions (MOE) and management of others’ emotions (MTE) and job engagement components of vigor, dedication, and absorption. The results imply that training teachers to improve their emotional intelligence can be a strategy to boost their job engagement. }, Keywords = {Job Engagement, EFL Teachers, Emotional Intelligence, Job Demands-Resources Model}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {77-93}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44347-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44347-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Allami, Hamid and BakhshizadehGhashti, Yousef and Mozayan, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Subdisciplinary and Paradigmatic Impact of Metadiscourse Markers in Medical research Articles}, abstract ={As the overriding components of discourse, metadiscourse markers (MDMs) have been studied extensively through varying disciplines and paradigms and in different languages/cultures. However, when it comes to subdisciplinary realization of these features, particularly in medicine, we have to seemingly pave a long way. Identifying this gap, the present corpus-based study which is inspired by the metadiscourse taxonomy of Hyland (2005), focuses on exploration of 180 Medical Physics and Nursing research articles (RAs) as two rather distinct but comparable subfields of medicine across the quantitative and qualitative paradigms in English. It is expected that the findings will help in heading off the problems of the academic researchers and graduate students in writing RAs.}, Keywords = {Metdiscourse Markers (MDM), Research Articles (RAs), Medical Physics, Nursing, Native English Writers (NEW), Iranian English Writers (IEW)}, volume = {25}, Number = {4}, pages = {94-111}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44348-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-44348-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2018} }