@article{ author = {Kazemi, Aliyeh and Modarres, Mohammad and Mehregan, Mohammad.Rez}, title = {Energy Demand Forecast of Iran’s Industrial Sector Using Markov Chain Grey Model}, abstract ={The aim of this paper is to develop a prediction model of energy demand of Iran’s industrial sector. For that matter a Markov Chain Grey Model (MCGM) has been proposed to forecast such energy demand. To find the effectiveness of the proposed model, it is then compared with Grey Model (GM) and regression model. The comparison reveals that the MCGM model has higher precision than those of the GM and the regression. The MCGM is then used to forecast the annual energy demand of industrial sector in Iran up to the year 2020. The results provide scientific basis for the planned development of the energy supply of industrial sector in Iran.}, Keywords = {Energy Demand,Industrial Sector,Forecasting,GM,MCGM,Regression}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-10532-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-10532-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Taheri, Ali rez}, title = {The "Man-Bull" and the «Master of Animals» in Mesopotamia and in Iran}, abstract ={The Mesopotamian mythology represents a variation of monsters and hybrids. Among them, the fantastic creatures in the composition of the animal and the man are very important; it is about the "man-animal". What attracts our interest; it is the composite creature, the "man-bull", because of its diverse aspect, as well as its symbolic characteristic. On the other hand, we notice one of the very practical figures and very renowned, "Master of animals", it is appreciated as much as all the Mesopotamian regions represented it in their arts. Problematic: what types of the "man-bull" had most importance in Mesopotamia? Which is the relationship enters the "man-bull" and "Master of animals"? What physical evolution arose during the transformation of the "man-bull" to "Master of animals"? Hypothesis: there is doubtless a narrow relation enters the "man-bull" and "Master of animals ", as regards the symbolizing character to be able to it and their appearances in vertical position. Mesopotamia represents a particular character of the real or fantastic animals, which spread towards the other parts of the country; it is about the representation of animals in vertical shape.}, Keywords = {Master of animal,Bull-man,Mesopotamia,Iran,creatures fabulous}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-28}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7470-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7470-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Masoud, Gholamhossei}, title = {The Basis of Freedom of Religious Minorities in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran}, abstract ={In this paper we try to give a description of the juridical status of religious minorities, Muslim or otherwise, in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. We also deal with the question of whether non-Muslim minorities are free to perform their religious practices and the extent of their freedom.}, Keywords = {Freedom,Religious Minorities,constitution,Islamic Republic of Iran}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-48}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-280-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-280-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Yousefi, Hassan and AlizadehSola, Mohammad and Tavousi, Mahmou}, title = {Reconsidering the Architecture of Shaikh Safi al-Din Ardabili\'s Shrine: New Findings in Archeological Excavations at Janat Sara Site}, abstract ={The Khānegāh or the Shrine of Shaikh Safi al-Din in Ardabil, north-west of Iran, listed as the world heritage site ( by UNESCO) back in 2011 under the identification no. 1450. This ensemble is located at 38° 14´52/5" northern latitude, 48° 17´27/5˝ longitude, and altitude of 1365 above sea level in the center of city of Ardabil. The ensemble of Shaikh Safi al-Din is a well-developed prototype constituting social, religious, charitable, cultural, and educational functions. With range of versatile spaces, it has met the physical and spiritual needs of residents and pilgrims as such; it includes places to meet needs in fields of education and training, livelihood and healthcare. Relying on the diagram of De Morgan, it seems there are more than 67 spaces and courtyards attached to the Khānegāh, all of which have had a significant role in the training and educational philosophy of Safavid tradition. After decade of Safavid, most part of this magnificent structure damaged. F. Sarre, a German researcher, conducted one of the earliest studies on the architectural and archaeological history of Ardabil shrine in 1897. Some others such as Dibaj (1948), Ali Akbar Sar-faraz,(1974), Weaver (1974), Morton (1974) and Seyyed Mahmoud Mousawi (1995-6) have also carried out researches on this subject in recent decades. Archaeological works of Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Islamic Republic also conducted a study under the leadership of Hassan Yousefi in 2007. These studies cleared so many unsolved historical questions about the general plan of the holy shrine.}, Keywords = {Ardabil,Shaikh Safi al-Din Shrine,Archaeological Excavations,Findings}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {49-67}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9401-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9401-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ziabakhsh, Neda and MokhtabadAmrei, Seyed Mostaf}, title = {Spiritual Manifestation of Natural Light in Sacred Buildings: A Comparative Study from Greece to Baroque}, abstract ={The main sources of all natural light are the sun, the moon and the stars. In other words, the principle source of illumination is the light as mediated by atmosphere. According to some philosophers, spiritual or holy light includes not only material and quantified aspect, but being non-physical properties it treats as a spiritual connector between god and man. The light is the main part of existence which not only contacts to the surface of objects, but also helps them form. In other words, light is the key of finding space fundamental in making holy places meaningful. The present paper tries to make a comparative analysis of lighting in some of the most famous sacred buildings around the world. As such, the methodology preferred in this piece of research is descriptive, analytic and comparative.}, Keywords = {Natural Light,Sacred Buildings,Architectural Features,Comparative Study}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-81}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7928-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7928-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Miremadi, Tahereh}, title = {Suspicion or Faith: Understanding the Cultural Roots of Iranian Public Policy towards Science and Technology}, abstract ={Today, there is a plethora of literature on the process of accelerating growth of science and technology in Iran. Assuming technology as a social construct of modern society, and in the light of Ricoeurian hermeneutic approach, this paper aims, first, to show the resemblance of the current discursive relationship between the Iranian society and technology to a "discourse of faith" and, second to explain how this discourse has roots in the preceding one which can be considered as a "discourse of suspicion". To do so, the paper first, builds a conceptual model based on the Ricoeurian theory of interpretation, where, by analogy, modern technology is compared to the text and the user of the technology as its reader. Then, it introduces two episodes of relationship between technology and its Iranian users in the public policy of the post-revolutionary era: distanciation and appropriation. It concludes that the current growth of scientific endeavors serves as the material base for an Iranian discourse of techno-nationalism; a new self-identification which motivates the elites to develop new bases for national self-esteem.}, Keywords = {Iran,Discourse Analysis,Hermeneutic-phenomenological Approach,Narratives,Techno-nationalism,Discourse of Suspicion}, volume = {20}, Number = {1}, pages = {83-107}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-8071-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-8071-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Goli, Ali}, title = {An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis of Socio-economic Indices Affecting Divorced People: Iranian Divorcee in 2006 Census}, abstract ={An upward trend in the divorce rate in Iran in recent years has attracted officials, researchers and sociologists towards investigating causes and factors contributing such a social menace. Based on the statistics published by the Statistics Center of Iran (SCI), the divorce rate has gone up from 1.5 in 1000 cases in 1996 to 2.3 in 1999 and 3.1 in 2006. Results of previous studies show that factors such as age and educational differences between husband and wife, women’s employment, addiction and lack of moral principles have been the most important causes of the divorce. This study, however, focusing on the socio-economic status of the divorcee in Iran, picks up a different view from that of other studies conducted in this field. This article also tries to identify the relationships between the rules applicable to personal and employment variables among divorced people using exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) techniques. The sample data used in this study include 6400 divorcee from the total divorced population (of 392075) in the county according to the 2006 census; those who have declared themselves without marriage partner due to divorce. The sample includes both male and female. Results show that the main characteristics of divorced women were their employment and level of education which were statistically significant in metropolitan regions where there is a rise in the employment and education level of women. On the contrary, low education, unemployment, and place of work have been significant factors among divorced men.}, Keywords = {Divorce,Social Harm,Spatial Data Analysis,Moran Index,Getis Index,Iran}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3236-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3236-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Hosseinali, Farhad and Alesheikh, Ali Asghar.}, title = {Assessing Urban Land-Use Expansion in Regional Scale by Developing a Multi-Agent System}, abstract ={Expansion of urban area is a well-known phenomenon in developing countries with population growth and the migration from villages to cities being two major factors. Those factors reduce the influence of efforts to limit the cities boundaries. Thus, spatial planners always look for the models that simulate the expansion of urban land-uses, and enable them to prevent unbalanced expansions of cities, and guide the developments to the desired areas. Several models have been developed and evaluated for simulating urban land-use expansions. Although these models are numerous, most of them have focused to simulate urban land-use expansions in sub-urban areas. The regional models that cover wider area are equally important. In this study, a new agent-based model has been developed and implemented to simulate urban land-use expansion in Qazvin and Alborz regions of Qazvin province, which cover 1620 square kilometres. In this model, land-use developers have been treated as computer agents that move in the landscape explicitly, and assess the state of parcels for development. The environment of the model is raster. The agents are categorized based on two scenarios. In the first scenario, all agents are of similar category and in the second scenario the agents are divided into five categories with different objectives. Then, the results of the two scenarios are compared. Due to the spatial essence of the problem, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were used to prepare the environment of agents’ movement and search, and to aggregate and analyze the results. To evaluate the model, data of year 2005 were used as the input and data of year 2010 were used for checking the results. By calibrating the parameters, the most desired configuration of the model was found in the second scenario, since the results were close to the reality as the Kappa index raised up to 78.17 percent. These results showed that the precision of the model to simulate land-use developments are of considerable quality. Thus, the model is able to detect the area that faced rapid urban expansions. Moreover, a comparison between the results of the two scenarios revealed that dividing the agents into categories with different aims and parameters will improve the outcome of the model. However, it is vitally important to determine the number of the agents in each category as well as their parameters precisely.}, Keywords = {Land-use Development,GIS,Agent-Based Modeling,Qazvin,Kappa Index,GIS}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {23-44}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-5988-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-5988-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Farajzadeh, Manuchehr and Taghilo, Ali}, title = {The Wind Energy Potential Zoning using GIS and Fuzzy MCDM-based Approach (Study Area: Zanjan Province, Iran)}, abstract ={This study analyzes wind energy potentials of Zanjan province which located in northwest of Iran. Renewable energy plans are not fully environmentally safe and different renewable energy plans have different environmental impacts. Therefore, site selection is an important issue in the wind turbine installation and therefore, selecting an appropriate wind turbine site requires consideration of multiple alternative solution and evaluation criteria because of the system complexities.  In this paper, using AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS techniques in conjunction with GIS, wind turbine potentials of the study area are evaluated. Criteria weights are obtained from pairwise comparison of identified criteria and after fuzzification of both criteria weights and criteria map layers using triangular fuzzy numbers, fuzzy TOPSIS technique is utilized to integrate and rank more suitable alternatives for the wind turbine installation. The results shows the ability of multi-criteria methods to evaluate suitable sites in geographic areas on one side and good potentials sites of Zanjan province to establish new energy plans on the other.}, Keywords = {Wind Energy,Multicriteria Analysis,GIS,Zanjan Province}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {45-60}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-1372-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-1372-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mobasheri, Mohammad Reza and Ashourloo, Davo}, title = {An Improvement to MODIS TPW Products by Damping the Variation of Surface Reflectance in Channel 2}, abstract ={Total Perceptible Water (TPW) is an important parameter in climatology and weather forecasting and is directly related to any climate process. There are three approaches to estimate this parameter i.e. using radiosonde, using GPS and calculating from satellite images where the first two are localized and the last one can give an instant view of TPW in a vast region. The algorithm used for the TPW calculation from MODIS images is related to the ratio of the reflectance in a water vapor absorbing channel and the reflectance in a non-absorbing channel. Due to strong horizontal variation in the surface reflectance in non-absorbing channels, the retrieved TPW varies strongly from one pixel to its neighboring pixels while it is believed that the horizontal gradient of TPW is very weak. To solve this problem, a damping coefficient was added to the non-absorbing channel reflectance. It is found that this coefficient differs for different surface covers. The current work presents a procedure for calculating these coefficients. The results of a comparison between modified TPW and those extracted from GPS data showed a R2 of 0.81 whilst this was about 0.67 for non-modified MODIS TPW.}, Keywords = {Total Perceptible Water,GPS,Radiosonde,MODIS Images,Remote Sensing,GPS}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {61-78}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7864-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7864-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Niazmardi, Saeid and AlizadehNaeini, Amin and Homayouni, Saeid and Safari, Abdolreza and Samadzadegan, Farh}, title = {Optimization of KFCM Clustering of Hyperspectral Data by Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm}, abstract ={Geographic information and analysis provide a wide range of data and techniques to monitor and manage natural resources. As an important case, in arid and semi-arid areas, water management is critical for both local governance and citizens. As a result, the estimation of water potential brought by snowmelt runoff and rainfalls seems to be very useful and important for these areas. Hydrological modeling needs vast knowledge about integrating all relating parameters. In this work, different data sources including the remote sensing observations, meteorological and geological data are integrated to supply spatially detailed inputs for Snowmelt Runoff Modeling in a watershed, located in Simin-Dasht basin in the northeast of Tehran, Iran. Because of high temporal frequency and suitable spatial coverage, MODIS optical images have been chosen to map snow cover. The MODIS 8-day snow map product with spatial resolution of 500m (MOD10A2.5) is used to compute the snow cover area. In addition, during the snowmelt period in 2006-2007, archived meteorological and geological data are used to provide snow runoff modeling (SRM) parameters and variables. Also Landsat ETM+ images with better spatial resolution (30m) and less temporal coverage (16 days) are used in 2007 snowmelt period to compare the model accuracy with same conditions. Evaluation of the runoff outputs in both of models reveals good agreement with real data that prove SRM capability in modeling basin’s daily and weekly runoff. Model accuracy shows better satisfactory of snow runoff modeling results within snow cover area derived from Landsat ETM+ data and MODIS snow product was less accurate in modeling. Although using MODIS model accuracy was less, but still it is recommended due to less further process and providing better temporal coverage during snowfall and snowmelt season. Future works in this criterion could be concentrated on SRM forecast improvement using fusion with other measurements or combining physical models.}, Keywords = {Snowmelt Runoff Modeling,Optical Remotely Sensed Images,Snow Cover Area,Meteorological data,KFCM,PSO}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {79-100}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-6704-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-6704-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {saberi, Nastaran and Homayouni, Saeid and Motagh, Mahdi}, title = {‌Snow Runoff Modeling Using Meteorological, Geological and Remotely Sensed Data}, abstract ={Geographic information and analysis provide a wide range of data and techniques to monitor and manage natural resources. As an important case, in arid and semi-arid areas, water management is critical for both local governance and citizens. As a result, the estimation of water potential brought by snowmelt runoff and rainfalls seems to be very useful and important for these areas. Hydrological modeling needs vast knowledge about integrating all relating parameters. In this work, different data sources including the remote sensing observations, meteorological and geological data are integrated to supply spatially detailed inputs for Snowmelt Runoff Modeling in a watershed, located in Simin-Dasht basin in the northeast of Tehran, Iran. Because of high temporal frequency and suitable spatial coverage, MODIS optical images have been chosen to map snow cover. The MODIS 8-day snow map product with spatial resolution of 500m (MOD10A2.5) is used to compute the snow cover area. In addition, during the snowmelt period in 2006-2007, archived meteorological and geological data are used to provide snow runoff modeling (SRM) parameters and variables. Also Landsat ETM+ images with better spatial resolution (30m) and less temporal coverage (16 days) are used in 2007 snowmelt period to compare the model accuracy with same conditions. Evaluation of the runoff outputs in both of models reveals good agreement with real data that prove SRM capability in modeling basin’s daily and weekly runoff. Model accuracy shows better satisfactory of snow runoff modeling results within snow cover area derived from Landsat ETM+ data and MODIS snow product was less accurate in modeling. Although using MODIS model accuracy was less, but still it is recommended due to less further process and providing better temporal coverage during snowfall and snowmelt season. Future works in this criterion could be concentrated on SRM forecast improvement using fusion with other measurements or combining physical models.}, Keywords = {Snowmelt Runoff Modeling,Optical Remotely Sensed Images,Snow Cover Area,Meteorological data}, volume = {20}, Number = {2}, pages = {101-120}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-8087-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-8087-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Mohammad Hosein and HejabriNobari, Ali Reza and VahdatiNasab, Hamed and KhademiNadooshan, farhang}, title = {Rock Engravings of Ghalat Niloo Cave}, abstract ={Painted rocks may be considered the oldest manifestation of art in human society. The history of this art is estimated to be more than 30 thousand years. This art has also a long history in Iran. This article introduces one of these rock art sites i.e. Ghalat Niloo which is located in Kazeroon County, south-east of Ghalat Niloo village. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the location, the function of concepts, the history, classification and relationship of these designs with similar samples available from other areas. These designs have been engraved on the walls of the caves and include subjects such as hunting, human on horseback with a bow in hand, animal images mostly goats and in one case a dog. They probably date back to the 1st Millennium BC.}, Keywords = {Rock Engravings,Kazeroon,Ghalat Niloo}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2792-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2792-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Talebzadeh, Hossein and GhafarSamar, Reza and Kiany, Gholam Reza and Akbari, Rami}, title = {Steps to a Successful Abstract: A Comparative Genre Analysis}, abstract ={The significance of research article (RA) abstract as a key academic genre has recently motivated analysts to focus on this neglected area. Considering a summary function for abstracts, most genre researchers have adopted the conventionally proposed Introduction- Method- Results- Discussion (or Conclusion) (IMRD) model for analysis. However, the problems reported, especially for Results and Discussion sections, question the vitality of such accounts and prompt further scrutiny. Moreover, in spite of claims about disciplinary and cultural variations which can affect communication within and across discourse communities, sufficient contrastive studies which address the Iranian academics' need to communicate with and participate efficiently in the international discourse communities are scarce. Inspired by English for Specific/Academic Purposes tradition of genre analysis, this paper tries to fill these gaps presenting a comparative generic analysis of soft sciences abstracts to see what the characterizing features of the texts of Iranian scholars and their international peers are. The macro-structure, micro-structure, and some features of 100 experimental RA abstracts taken from a number of reputable Iranian (Persian) and international (English) journals were analyzed and explained drawing upon some existing rigorous models. The results revealed similarities in the presence of Introduction, Method, and concluding units, while there were also differences in the realization of units, Moves, and Steps. It is argued that the differences can point to the varying cultural norms and values of the two groups. Plus, considering the inadequacy of the four-way macro-model, an alternative three-way model was suggested, instead. Some implications of the study are discussed, too}, Keywords = {Genre Analysis,Move and Step Models,Macro-structure,Micro-structure,RA Abstracts}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-25}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-12028-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-12028-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, Maryam and MogbelBaerz, Abbas and KodadaHoseini, Seyed Hamid and Azar, Adel}, title = {New Technology Assessment: A Case Study of Iran’s Petrochemical Industry}, abstract ={Job creation, income generation, and natural resources conservation, all are pillars of sustainable development for industries using new technologies. Despite the importance of new technologies, developing countries face many limitations, such as economic and political problems, which make the development and transfer of technologies more difficult. In this study, we focus on development of new technologies in Iran’s petrochemical industry, including nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, and membranes. Solutions are proposed to improve the current unsatisfactory status. For that matter, taking into account experts’ viewpoints, a new technology tree is suggested for Iran’s petrochemical industry. The literature on technology assessment and prioritization is reviewed, and then primary indicators are proposed based on ability, attractiveness, and patent features. Forty industry experts are surveyed and the results are analyzed using face validity, reliability test, and factor analysis, by which the current status of new technologies is assessed.}, Keywords = {Nanotechnology,Biotechnology,Membrane,Ability,Attractiveness}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {27-51}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-4578-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-4578-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {RayejianAsli, Mehr}, title = {Introducing General Theory of Victimology in Criminal Sciences}, abstract ={One of the most important necessities that victimology requires at least within criminal sciences is to create a general theory describing and explaining all concepts, theories and hypotheses which may be used in this scientific sphere. The present article seeks to introduce such a theory, using key terminologies formed the literature and content of victimology from beginning of its emergence since mid of the twentieth century. The new discipline of criminal sciences that I argue in this article has emerged in the light of two criminological and legal approaches. The work of the victimology theory is to incorporating these approaches into a unified field of study which is based upon three key concepts: active personality of victim, nature of victimhood/victimization and passivity of victim. In my final considerations, I conclude that the victimology theory can have virtues and advantages including in criminal etiology, preventing victimization and offending and overall formulating a better criminal policy and criminal justice system in practice.}, Keywords = {Victim,Victimology Theory,Victimhood/Victimization,Victim's Rights}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {53-79}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3774-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3774-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Akbari, Mohsen and AlipourPijani, Afshi}, title = {ICT َAdoption: A Case Study of SMEs in Tehran (Iran)}, abstract ={In this paper, factors that effect on ICT adoption by SMEs in Tehran (Iran) are investigated. To do so, after reviewing the literature, we identified the factors affecting ICT adoption by SMEs in Tehran and, based on this review, we proposed our hypotheses. Factors include internal factors, external factors and ICT specifications that influence on IT adoption by SMEs. All hypotheses are confirmed except the one that articulates the relationship between perceived ease of use and ICT adoption by SMEs. Weak managerial support, lack of available skills, weak strategic vision regarding the ICT, weak innovative environment and insufficient financial resources are among the internal barriers. External barriers include weak governmental supports, legal environment, low cultural acceptance and weak pressures from customers, suppliers and competitors. Finally, low perceived usefulness and compatibility are among the ICT specifications that limit ICT adoption by SMEs.}, Keywords = {ICT Adoption,SME,Tehran,Iran}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {93-121}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-5305-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-5305-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Azami, Somayeh}, title = {The Legality of New Armaments from the Viewpoint of International Humanitarian Law}, abstract ={The rapid and intensive progress in science and technology in the world, despite its abundant advantages and gifts of welfare and comfort for the mankind, in many ways, it has pushed human security to face grave tragic events. To give an example, the progress in chemistry before the Great War, made it possible to produce and use toxic gases including Phosgene gas causing enormous deaths of both military personnel and civilians. Another example in man’s progress in nuclear physics led to innovating nuclear bomb with no precedent and unheard of in terms of mass destruction and ruins. In turn, the international humanitarian law, despite its progress in recent decades, has had been slower than the development of aforementioned scientific progresses. Nonetheless, one should consider the point that those disciplines of human sciences have more essential and fundamental principles that provide it with the ability to prevail with new conditions and situations. To elaborate the subject, although the international humanitarian law lacks explicit rules, regulations and treaties in addressing many of the modern armaments and warfare, it still possesses the principle of distinction, principle of unnecessary pain and suffering, principle of preventing vast and long-term damages that could be enforced on new arms by assessing its legality in order to boost human security.  The present paper aims at studying various aspects of this issue.}, Keywords = {Human Security,International Humanitarian Law,New Arms,Principle of Unnecessary Injuries and Suffering,Principle of Distinction}, volume = {20}, Number = {3}, pages = {123-138}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7920-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7920-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Bistoon and Gheitury, Amer and Kazzazi, Kersti}, title = {Semantics of Hawrami Kinship Terms}, abstract ={The present study aims at exploring kinship terms and the different ways in which they are used to refer to and address relatives and non-relatives in Hawrami, an Iranian language spoken in Paveh, a border city in Kermanshah province. The relevant linguistic and cultural data are obtained primarily by one of the researchers as a native speaker of the dialect and through field works and interviews with native speakers. In addition to analyzing consanguineal and affinal terms, and words for step-relatives, some space is also devoted to discuss pragmatic aspects of the words, particularly in contexts where the terms are used to address relatives as well as non-relatives. Considering the fact that the authors came across no serious study of Hawrami kinship terminology, the present study might be one of the first preliminary steps to a better understanding of the cultural and anthropological aspects of this Iranian dialect.}, Keywords = {Kinship Terms,Consanguineal,Affinal,Hawrami,Paveh}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3220-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3220-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Farazandeh-pour, Faezeh and KordZafaranluKambuziya, Aliyeh}, title = {German Loanwords Adaptation in Persian: Optimality Approach}, abstract ={This paper aims at describing the mechanism of German loanwords adaptation with respect to constraints of Persian language and within OT framework. Consequently the adaptation of consonant clusters and diphthongs as well as the phonemes substituted in loanwords will be examined. Prince and Smolensky’s (1993) Optimality Theory with its key notions of faithfulness and markedness constraints is suited to model this aspect of linguistic competence. So in this research a number of 30 German loanwords were selected as research data of which some were collected through the library method from written resources and the rest are the trade names of German Products that are collected through a field work. Descriptive analysis of the mentioned data within Optimality Theory comes into valuable linguistic conclusions such as: “In Persian, initial consonant clusters of German loanwords are broken up through vowel epenthesis which is mostly identical to the vowel of the second syllable.”}, Keywords = {Loanword,Optimality theory,Constraint,German,Persian}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {23-40}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-23-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-23-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ghatre, Farib}, title = {Persian Morphosyntactic Features in Realization Optimality Theory}, abstract ={The Realization Optimality Theory is a recent development in the original Optimality Theory which is proposed to deal with morphological issues especially the inflectional ones. Its main idea is to consider the morphological realization rules as ranked violable language-specific constraints that control the realization processes and provide phonological information of grammatical morphemes. This article deals with the investigation of some morphosyntactic (inflectional) features of modern Persian in Realization Optimality Theory, and shows among the other things that it is a better model for treating inflection than the original Optimality Theory, but it still faces some problems with regard to a language like Modern Persian in which some morphosyntactic features are treated differently in formal and informal varieties, hence separate tableaux with different rankings of constraints are sometimes needed in order to select the optimal candidates in each of those varieties.}, Keywords = {Optimality theory,Realization Optimality Theory,Constraint,Realization Constraint,Inflection, Morphosyntactic Features}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {41-59}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-6322-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-6322-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {AghaGolzadeh, Ferdows and Pourebrahim, Shirin Pourebrahim}, title = {Death Metaphor in Religious Texts: A Cognitive Semantics Approach}, abstract ={It seems that a great number of abstract religious concepts in Islamic texts are realized, both conceptually and linguistically, through cognitive strategies like metaphor and metonymy. This article tries to study the concept of death in the Holy Qurۥān, and Nahjul-Balāgha, the main Islamic Texts, to see how this (relatively) abstract concept is conceptualized in mind? Moreover, what component (s) of the recognized source concepts is (are) mapped onto the concept of death? The analysis of linguistic expressions about death shows that death is realized both metonymically and metaphorically in these two texts. There are structural, orientational and ontological metaphors in which death is the target domain of conceptualization, of which personification is more influential and specific than others. In all recognized metaphors, the death target is understood through different, but homogeneous, source concepts. The common component of nearly all these sources which is mapped on and highlighted is death power. Death has control over human and nobody can run away from it.}, Keywords = {Religious Language؛ the Holy Qurۥān,Nahjul-Balāgha؛ Conceptual Metaphor؛ Personification؛ Mapping؛ Highlighting}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {61-78}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9749-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9749-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {ahrami-Khorshid, Sahar and Golfam, Arsalan Golfam}, title = {Encoding the Agent in Persian Passive Construction: A Cognitive Approach}, abstract ={This paper is an attempt to explore the prepositions used to encode the agent in Persian passive constructions. According to Givón (1983) the main function of the passive constructions is to defocus the agent. As the general trend in Persian is to omit this defocused agent, we will stylistically divide the passive constructions into two main sub branches, namely unmarked and marked passives according to whether or not the agent is included. Having analyzed the prepositions using in the passive construction (e.g. t{v{ssot-e, be d{st-e, bA, {z suy-e, {z t{r{f-e, and be v{sile-y-e) a complete semantic characterization of the type of agent that normally occurs with these prepositions will be provided. The results indicate that, in contrast to some linguists who treated the prepositions in the passive construction as stylistic forms, they are not always interchangeable; in fact they are meaningful which have a prototype for the type of agent that co-occurs with them.}, Keywords = {: Agent,preposition,Passive Construction,Cognitive Grammar}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {79-97}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2897-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2897-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zarei, Gholam Reza and babaee, Ahmad Ali}, title = {Autonomy as Determinant of Prospective Learning: A Study of English Language Learners}, abstract ={Autonomy plays a crucial role in the enhancement of important learning qualities in the learners. In that line of thinking, this study was launched to discover how English language learners exposed to an autonomously managed versus teacher controlled conditions would respond to the learning determinants. Two classes of English language learners at Isfahan University of Technology, Iran were thus treated under the two learning conditions. On the closing days of the semester, they were administered a questionnaire constructed based on three action phases of learning, namely, forethought, performance/volitional control, and self reflection. The questionnaire statements were rated on the Likert scale. The data analysis revealed that autonomy to a large extent determines the learners' views of learning. The class where autonomy was practiced showed a great deal of motivational boost or what is reinterpreted as forethought. The other two categories of learning, namely, their performance and self reflection, were also distinctly better perceived by the autonomous learners. The results point out the significance of preparing learners through autonomy for the prospective independent and critical learning.}, Keywords = {Autonomy,English language,Learning perception,Motivation,performance,Self Reflection}, volume = {20}, Number = {4}, pages = {99-121}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7191-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7191-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2013} }