@article{ author = {Ahmadi, Mireyl}, title = {Case Assignment in Russian and Persian}, abstract ={Russian language, with regard to its grammar, is a language with its own special complexities, hardly found in other languages. Although languages are different from each other, they have some similarities as well. The Iranian learner, while learning Russian, analyzes the sentences using patterns similar to his/ her native language patterns. Occasionally, such native patterns cause the learner to make glaring mistakes. Verb, in Russian language, is a word that grammatically conducts a noun and its modifiers (падеж). The difficulty, which the learners encounter is the lack of a complete agreement of verb conduction. That is to say, it is possible for a verb in Persian language to conduct its dependent word in a particular manner, which the very same verb, in Russian language, might conduct its defendant word in a different manner. It is even possible that the verb conduction by the same verb in the two languages might occur by means of two totally different prepositions. In other to avoid such errors, it seems necessary to make the learners aware of their occurrences at the very initial steps of language learning.}, Keywords = {Russian language,Persian language,verb,grammatical case (manner),mother tongue,student}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-11061-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-11061-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Aminzadeh, Elham}, title = {The Fundamental Human Rights in the Situations of Occupation and Economic Sanctions}, abstract ={The protection of fundamental human rights at the time of war or peace is an obligation that should be observed at anytime by the states and international organizations. After the Second World War, the non-peaceful situations such as occupation and economic sanctions have occurred numerously, which in some cases lasted for more than a decade. Unfortunately, the laws governing these situations are not implemented properly, and therefore fundamental human rights of people, especially their life, integrity and security, have been violated. This article aims at considering legal rules and their effectiveness in protecting fundamental human rights at the times of occupation and economic sanctions. This study is based primarily on the conventional and customary international legal rules.}, Keywords = {Fundamental Human Rights,Occupation,Economic Sanctions,Security Council and the Hague}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {11-32}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-8134-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-8134-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Asgary, Ali and Badri, S. Ali and Rafieian, Mojtaba and Hajinejad, Ali}, title = {Utilizing Post-Disaster Development Opportunities after Bam Earthquake and the Role of Stakeholders}, abstract ={Disasters provide physical, social, political and environmental development windows of opportunities that can be used not only to reconstruct the impacted areas, but also to improve the socio-economic and physical conditions of the impacted population in the long run. It is argued, however, that there is a limited time frame of approximately four years for such opportunities to be utilized efficiently. Bam earthquake in December 2003 that killed more than 27000 and devastated the historical part of the city opened several unique opportunities for mitigation, socio-economic and physical development. This paper examines the roles that various stakeholders played in the Bam reconstruction and their contribution to the success and failure of utilizing disaster development opportunities. The results show that stakeholders’ collaboration and participation, knowledge and experience, long-term and holistic visions, division of labour and use of resources have had significant influence on the success and failure of using post-disaster opportunities.}, Keywords = {Post-disaster reconstruction,Development opportunities,Bam earthquake,IRAN}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {33-52}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2480-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2480-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Mahmoudi, Seyed Ali}, title = {An Evaluation of Kant\'s Theory of Perpetual Peace in the Field of Contemporary Political Philosophy}, abstract ={Philosophical sketch of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) on the primary conditions for Peace and co-existence between states is reflected in his Perpetual Peace. In Kant's view, three primary conditions of perpetual peace of a republican government in every country are based on a civil constitution, establishment of a federation of free states, and cosmopolitan right of individuals as world citizens. The foundations of republican system, i.e. freedom for all members of the society as human beings, belonging of each individual to a public code of law as subject, and equality before law as a citizen, are important in Kant's political philosophy. Two primary responsibilities for Kant's federation of free states, i.e. non-interference in the internal affairs of member states, and upholding of a unified front against extraterritorial aggression, suffer from ambiguity and inadequacy, and is therefore vulnerable. Kant's formulation of "a unified world government" is cautionary and conditional; for it can be ended to despotism and decline.}, Keywords = {Freedom,Democracy,Peace,War,Republic,State,Citizen}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {53-70}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2626-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-2626-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Moinzadeh, Ahmad Reza and Talebinezhad, Mohammad Reza and Behazin, Arash}, title = {Exposure Density in Relation to Learning and Retention in EFL}, abstract ={The present study investigates the effect of different exposure densities on third grade Iranian junior high school (IJHS) students’ EFL development and retention. It also attempts to explore whether there is any differential performance due to type of post-exposure assessment tasks (recognition vs. written production). Performances of five groups of learners receiving equal amount of exposure to EFL knowledge with different densities over different time spans were compared on both recognition and written production tasks. The results of the repeated measures analysis of variance and paired sample tests reveal that there seems to be a threshold exposure density for development of structure production, as well as for the retention of total EFL and vocabulary production. Analyses of variance for the five groups were performed on the raw scores obtained for a pre-test and two post-tests. The results further reveal significant differences for acquisition and retention of the target EFL knowledge among different groups. The results also suggest different optimal exposure densities for the target EFL knowledge development and retention.}, Keywords = {Exposure Density,High Exposure Density (HED),Low Exposure Density (LED),Mid Exposure Density (MED),Mid-High Exposure Density (MHED),Mid-Low Exposure Density (MLED),Optimal Exposure Density (OED),Target EFL knowledge score,Threshold Exposure Density (TED)}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {71-98}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-6922-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-6922-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Motahari, Mohamm}, title = {The Hermeneutical Circle or the Hermeneutical Spiral?}, abstract ={The problem of the hermeneutical circle is one of the contentious issues in philosophical hermeneutics. This paper, begins with focusing on the question as to whether what hermeneuts mean by a hermeneutical circle is in fact a real circle with no analogical sense involved. Recognizing that this problem is not confined to the relation between part and whole, this study confines itself to explore the problem of the hermeneutical circle with regard to the circularity between part and whole in a sentence. I will argue that, as far as the interdependence between part and whole of a sentence is concerned, there is no real circularity between them. This will be followed by scrutinizing the source of such a misunderstanding, i.e., the circular interdependence between understanding the part and the whole of a sentence. I will present my analysis through a critical reading of two contemporary hermeneuts, Eric Donald Hirsch and Graeme Nicholson, even though both are on the right track in questioning the existence of such a circle in the first place. The argument presented could apply to contexts well beyond that of the circularity between part and whole in a sentence.}, Keywords = {Philosophical Hermeneutics,Hermeneutical Circle,Sentence,Part and Whole,Frederick Schleiermacher,Hans-Georg Gadamer,Eric Hirsch,Graeme Nicholson}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {99-112}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3023-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3023-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {OuliaeiNia, Hele}, title = {A Comparative Study of Saadi\'s Golestan and Johnson\'s Rasselass}, abstract ={The research entitled “A comparative study of Saadi’s Golestan and Samuel Johnson’s Rasselas” is based on the inclination of 18th century writer and theorist Johnson on towards rich Persian literature and outstanding resemblance of Golestan and Rassales from the structural, moral, Philosophical points of view. The findings are based on two hypotheses: (1) Has there been any basis for Johnson’s specific attention to Persian literature and if there has been any interest or familiarity with Persian literature, how extensive or profound has it been? (2) With regard to the deep influence of the French Neo-classicists on English Neo-classicists in the 18th century, is there any possibility that, even Johnson had an access to the English text of Golestan. The present paper also comes up with noteworthy results representing this fact that the first feeling about the similarity between Golestan and Rasselas was not baseless. The evidence indicates that not only was Johnson fascinated by Arabic and Persian literature (which Europeans considered interchangeable) but also widely studied the translation of Persian poets like Saadi. The similarity between the two works has been so remarkable that it attracted the attention of some of Persian and English scholars. However, the present project is intended to test and check the authenticity of this sense of similarity, to give it a second thought and to deal with it more consciously and seriously than it has experienced so far.}, Keywords = {Rasselas,Golestan,Saadi,Johnson,Western and Persian Classical writers}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {113-126}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7696-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7696-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Paya, Ali}, title = {Jonathan Dancy’s Particularism: A Critical Assessment}, abstract ={Jonathan Dancy advocates a radical particularist theory of ethics. Arguing against a variety of generalist doctrines, he maintains that there are no moral principles and that our ethical decisions are highly context-dependent: they are made case by case, without the support of such principles. In this paper, drawing on a number of theoretical concepts used in science as well as the philosophy of science I shall try to develop a moderate generalist-pluralist model. This model, I shall argue, is less vulnerable to Dancy’s criticisms and better equipped, in comparison to Dancy’s own model, to deal with moral cases.}, Keywords = {Particularism. Generalist-pluralist doctrines,Universal moral principles,Themes from science and philosophy of science}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {127-155}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3330-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-3330-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Aghagolzadeh, Ferdows and Kheirabadi, Reza Kheirabadi}, title = {A Linguistic Study of News Values in Iranian Press}, abstract ={How does a journalist or an editor decide which news is worthy and which is not? According to some media researchers, they refer to a set of news values. One of the best known lists of such news values have been supplied by Johan Galtung and Marie H. Ruge. An analytical discussion on news values always refers to this list, which initially intended to cover international events. These factors include: 1- Frequency 2- Threshold 3- Unambiguity 4- Meaningfulness 5- Consonance 6- Unexpectedness 7- Continuity 8- Composition 9- Reference to elite nations 10- Reference to elite people 11-Reference to persons 12- Negativity. The current research collected 303 headlines from the front pages of four widely circulated Iranian newspapers: Hamshahri, Keyhan, Shargh and Iran. Out of these headlines, 426 news were distinguished and considered. As such, results show that the factors like reference to elite people (F10) and consonance (F5) play main role in Iranian press. Further Iranian press do not focus on Galtung and Ruge’s news values although, in general, headlines possess one or more of above factors. However, two factors (F10 and F5) show that Iranian press follow traditional process in news selection.}, Keywords = {Communication,News,News values,Communication models}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-5623-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-5623-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Parhizkar, Akbar and Hafezniya, Mohammadreza and Taherkhani, Mahdy and Farhady, Roudabeh}, title = {Evaluation of Healthy Cities Projects: A Case Study of 13th Aban Street}, abstract ={In 1985-86, the European office of World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the health promotion program under the theme “Healthy Cities Projects”. With the aim of securing individual and collective welfare, the staffs of healthy city in Tehran also began their official activities at 13th Aban Street at Rey (Tehran’s 20th municipal district) along with community participation and intersectoral coordination. Since, the “Healthy Cities Projects”, emphasised on intersectoral coordination, self-awareness and community participation; the issue of the current research is whether or not there is any specific difference of opinion among people and officials regarding this project? For this purpose, people’s viewpoints on the activities was conducted through 424 samples from 13th Aban Street coincidentally with 46 officials of the “Healthy Cities Projects” and thus analytical study was carried out keeping in view level of differences between people and officials of “Healthy Cities Projects” and their viewpoints regarding community participation in the physical and mental health, individual security, environment and utmost to sports and training. The results indicate that with reference to the satisfaction level on “Healthy Cities Projects”, there isn't a significant difference between people's and officials viewpointsBut, with respect to their viewpoints about the level of community participation, there exists significant differences between people's and officials viewpoints in the fields of “Healthy Cities Projects” physical and mental health, individual and social safety, environment and utmost sportive and educational activities. The obtained results from officials, therefore, are more than those obtained from people.}, Keywords = {Physical and Mental Health,Healthy Cities,Community Participation,Health promotion,Intersectoral Coordination}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-32}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-113-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-113-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {KhaleghiDamghani, Ahm}, title = {Reform Era in Iranian Politics}, abstract ={Political legitimacy is one of the fundamental notions in contemporary political theorizing. To explain this notion, a set of views, influenced by Weber, put emphasis on the role of political beliefs of the citizens. Yet, recent academic enterprises refer to the political agents, focusing on their actions. This article studies Iranians’ socio-economic conditions in 1990’s, and reveals the setting of the emergence of the reformism, with regard to the notion of legitimacy. Along this line, the strategy of the reformists as the political agents is examined and their weaknesses and strengths as well as the reason of their failure are discussed.}, Keywords = {legitimacy,reformism,Iranian socio-economic conditions}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {33-54}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-10537-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-10537-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Rafieian, Mojtaba and Islami, S. G. Reza and Houdsony, Haniyeh}, title = {People\'s Perception of the Participatory Process of Development in Jolfa Mahalla}, abstract ={In recent decades, the theory of Sustainable Development has been introduced to several strands of science. This theory and its special view to communities (Sustainable Community Development) as the cell of urban life, demonstrates the solution to urban problems by highlighting the meaning of city neighborhoods. In the local scale, it is essential to use a collaborative process of development, which is based on the active participation of local people as social capital. In this way, the perception of local residents of a collaborative process is what makes this process successful or otherwise. This article identifies the perception of local residents towards the collaborative process and its positive and negative aspects. This is done using the “Deep Interview” and “Focus Group Discussion” techniques, deployed within the Jolfa Mahalla community, as a sample urban neighborhood in Tehran, with a rich historical background and strong social networks. This paper aims to argue that the lack of participatory culture between people and local residents can lead to the breakdown of relationship and communication between them, but more importantly, the absence of local urban spaces in neighborhoods further augments this problem. Thus, making suitable local spaces encourages people to participate in local development projects.}, Keywords = {Sustainable Community Development,Social Capital,People Participation,Resident's Perception,Deep Interview,Focus Group Discussion}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {55-68}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9640-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9640-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shairi, Hamid-Reza and Sasani, Farh}, title = {Viewpoint and Perspective in Discourse}, abstract ={This study tries to show that how viewpoint functions in discourse. As it will be clarified, it is highly related to the intention of the speaker/writer, and as a result, the orientation (s)he adopts in the discourse. Deictic markers function as discourse markers to fix and anchor time, place, agent, and other discursive elements. In this way, the viewpoint adopted by the enunciator/utterer is determined. Different types of viewpoint, then, are introduced and exemplified. Its relation with perspective is also examined.}, Keywords = {Discourse,viewpoint,Types of Viewpoint,Perspective,Enunciator/Utterer,Enunciatee/Utteree,Intentionality,Orientationality}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-81}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-10398-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-10398-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Talebinezhad, Mohammad Reza and Jalilifar, A. R.}, title = {The Language of Thought: Myths and Facts}, abstract ={Throughout the years, philosophers and psychologists have striven to solve the mind-boggling question of learning by juxtaposing the two competing theories, namely, empiricism and rationalism. They have usually opted for one and ruled out the other on the grounds that it cannot account for learning because theoretical and empirical evidence discredits it. Since 1965, with the publication of Chomsky's Aspects of the Theory of Syntax in which, he explicitly introduces the notion of Universal Grammar and implicitly employs the term to support Fodor's philosophical view of learning in terms of 'language of thought', the rationalistic arguments seem to have taken over this never-ending and perpetual battle. Here in this article, it is argued that despite its popularity among a good number of scholars, the rationalistic account of learning suffers from serious flaws. A conglomerate of empirical and theoretical evidence challenges the notion of 'language of thought'. Self-interpretive power of the language of thought, inaccessibility of cognitive theories to truth conditional meaning, meaningful experiences, inability to test memory, problems with modularity and regulation are simply some of the arguments that might be raised against the idea of 'language of thought'. Finally, a framework for the acquisition of language is presented.}, Keywords = {Universal Grammar,language of thought,verifiability,falsifiability,rationalism,positivism}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {83-95}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-1884-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-1884-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {AbediJafari, Hassan and sarlak, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Designing and Explaining the Trust Model of Students Applying to Virtual Universities}, abstract ={The current research tries to offer a conceptual model in order to create trust among people for choosing virtual universities. To this end, the conceptual model of research has been designed with nine factors. The relationship among factors tested by using statistical methods such as factor analysis and path analysis. In the end, five components were established from among the affecting factors of student trust towards these virtual universities. They are: academic reputation, administrative efficacy, size, economical factor of studying and the suitable environmental conditions for virtual universities activity. However, it was established that the role of each of these components in creating trust towards virtual universities were different from those predicted by the researchers. Also, it was established that student's willingness toward choosing virtual universities is being influenced by the trust factor.}, Keywords = {Trust,Virtual University,E – Learning,Information and Communication Technology (ICT)}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {97-117}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7350-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-7350-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Gheitury, Amer and Golfam, Arsal}, title = {The Qur’an as a Non-Linear Text: Rethinking Coherence}, abstract ={The non-linear order of revelations is often considered by many scholars to signify lack of coherence, disunity, and fragmentariness. It seems that 'coherence' and the related terms have veiled a significant linguistic feature of the Qur’an, namely, the non-linear nature of revelations, which might be used to make a distinction between ordinary and Quranic discourse. We will argue that to unveil the non-linearity, we should consider revelations in relation to God who reveals Himself in language not as an ordinary speaker whose speech is limited to a certain context, with a beginning and an end. We should not expect God to speak like a man. The Qur’an, thus, is seen here as a non-temporal, non-linear text that reflects its divine origin, by systematically destructing the spacio-temporal context and the linear order of language.}, Keywords = {Quran,Text,Linearity,Structuralism,Coherence}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {119-133}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9706-en.html}, eprint = {http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9706-en.pdf}, journal = {The International Journal of Humanities}, issn = {2538-2640}, eissn = {2538-2659}, year = {2008} }